There's no square root, but we can still make use of the substitution x = tan θ x=\tan\theta x = tan θ , d x = sec 2 θ d θ \mathrm{d}x = \sec^2\theta~\mathrm{d}\theta d x = sec 2 θ d θ .
∫ 1 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 d x = ∫ 1 ( tan 2 θ + 1 ) 2 sec 2 θ d θ = ∫ 1 sec 4 θ sec 2 θ d θ = ∫ cos 2 θ d θ = 1 2 ∫ ( 1 + cos ( 2 θ ) ) d θ = 1 2 ( θ + 1 2 sin ( 2 θ ) ) + C = 1 2 ( θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C ! [ f i g u r e ] ( c l p / t i k z / e 8 c 02 e 1 d e 1. p n g ) = 1 2 ( arctan x + x x 2 + 1 ) + C \begin{aligned}
\int \frac{1}{(x^2+1)^2}~\mathrm{d}x&=\int\frac{1}{(\tan^2\theta+1)^2}\sec^2\theta~\mathrm{d}\theta\\
&=\int\frac{1}{\sec^4\theta}\sec^2\theta~\mathrm{d}\theta = \int\cos^2\theta~\mathrm{d}\theta\\
&=\frac{1}{2}\int \big(1 + \cos(2\theta)\big)~\mathrm{d}\theta\\
&=\frac{1}{2}\left(\theta + \frac{1}{2}\sin(2\theta)\right)+C\\
&=\frac{1}{2}\left(\theta + \sin\theta\cos\theta\right)+C\\
\smash{

}\,&=\frac{1}{2}\left(\arctan x + \frac{x}{x^2+1}\right)+C
\end{aligned} ∫ ( x 2 + 1 ) 2 1 d x ! [ f i gu re ] ( c lp / t ik z / e 8 c 02 e 1 d e 1. p n g ) = ∫ ( tan 2 θ + 1 ) 2 1 sec 2 θ d θ = ∫ sec 4 θ 1 sec 2 θ d θ = ∫ cos 2 θ d θ = 2 1 ∫ ( 1 + cos ( 2 θ ) ) d θ = 2 1 ( θ + 2 1 sin ( 2 θ ) ) + C = 2 1 ( θ + sin θ cos θ ) + C = 2 1 ( arctan x + x 2 + 1 x ) + C
Since x = tan θ x = \tan\theta x = tan θ , we can draw a right triangle with angle θ \theta θ , opposite side x x x , and adjacent side 1 1 1 . Then by the Pythagorean Theorem, its hypotenuse has length x 2 + 1 \sqrt{x^2+1} x 2 + 1 , which allows us to find sin θ \sin\theta sin θ and cos θ \cos\theta cos θ .