(a) We are told that
z(x,y)3−xyz(x,y)2−4x=0
for all (x,y) (sufficiently near (1,1)).
Differentiating this equation with respect to x gives
⟹3z(x,y)2∂x∂z(x,y)−yz(x,y)2−2xyz(x,y)∂x∂z(x,y)−4=0∂x∂z=3z2−2xyz4+yz2
and differentiating with respect to y gives
⟹3z(x,y)2∂y∂z(x,y)−xz(x,y)2−2xyz(x,y)∂y∂z(x,y)=0∂y∂z=3z2−2xyzxz2
(b)
When (x,y,z)=(1,1,2),
∂x∂z(1,1)=3(2)2−2(1)(1)(2)4+(1)(2)2=1∂y∂z(1,1)=3(2)2−2(1)(1)(2)(1)(2)2=21
(c) Under the linear approximation at (1,1)
z(x,y)≈z(1,1)+zx(1,1)(x−1)+zy(1,1)(y−1)=2+(x−1)+21(y−1)
So errors of ±0.03 in x and ±0.02 in y leads of errors
of about
±[0.03+21(0.02)]=±0.04
in z.
(d) By the chain rule
dθdz(x(θ),y(θ))=zx(x(θ),y(θ))x′(θ)+zy(x(θ),y(θ))y′(θ)=−zx(1+cosθ,sinθ)sinθ+zy(1+cosθ,sinθ)cosθ
At A, x=2, y=0, z=2 (since z3−(2)(0)z2−4(2)=0) and θ=0,
so that
∂x∂z(2,0)=3(2)2−2(2)(0)(2)4+(0)(2)2=31∂y∂z(2,0)=3(2)2−2(2)(0)(2)(2)(2)2=32
and
dθdz=−31sin(0)+32cos(0)=32
At B, x=1, y=1, z=2 and θ=2π,
so that, by part (b),
∂x∂z(1,1)=1∂y∂z(1,1)=21
and
dθdz=−sin2π+21cos2π=−1