(a)
Let's evaluate the integral directly using the parametrization
r ( x ) = x ı ^ + ( 9 − x 2 ) ȷ ^ \mathbf{r}(x) = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(9-x^2)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} r ( x ) = x ^ + ( 9 − x 2 ) ^
with − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 -3\le x \le 3 − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 .
Since r ′ ( x ) = ı ^ − 2 x ȷ ^ \mathbf{r}'(x) = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} r ′ ( x ) = ^ − 2 x ^ ,
∫ C ( x 2 + y ) d x + x d y = ∫ − 3 3 ( x 2 + 9 − x 2 ⏞ y + x ( − 2 x ) ⏞ d y d x ) d x = ∫ − 3 3 ( 9 − 2 x 2 ) d x = 2 ∫ 0 3 ( 9 − 2 x 2 ) d x = 2 ( 27 − 2 3 3 3 ) = 18 \begin{aligned}
\int_C (x^2 + y)\,\mathrm{d}x + x\,\mathrm{d}y
&=\int_{-3}^3 \big(x^2\ +\ \overbrace{9-x^2}^{y}\
+x\overbrace{(-2x)}^{\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}}\big)\,\mathrm{d}x
=\int_{-3}^3 \big(9-2x^2\big)\,\mathrm{d}x \\
&=2\int_0^3 \big(9-2x^2\big)\,\mathrm{d}x
=2\left(27-2\frac{3^3}{3}\right)
=18
\end{aligned} ∫ C ( x 2 + y ) d x + x d y = ∫ − 3 3 ( x 2 + 9 − x 2 y + x ( − 2 x ) d x d y ) d x = ∫ − 3 3 ( 9 − 2 x 2 ) d x = 2 ∫ 0 3 ( 9 − 2 x 2 ) d x = 2 ( 27 − 2 3 3 3 ) = 18
(b) In this solution, we'll evaluate the
integral directly. Label the four sides of the square L 1 L_1 L 1 , L 2 L_2 L 2 , L 3 L_3 L 3 and
L 4 L_4 L 4 as in the figure
The parametrization of L 1 L_1 L 1 by arc length is r ( s ) = s ı ^ \mathbf{r}(s) = s\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} r ( s ) = s ^ , 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 0\le s\le 1 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 .
As the outward pointing normal to L 1 L_1 L 1 is − ȷ ^ -\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} − ^ ,
∫ L 1 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( s , 0 ) ⋅ ( − ȷ ^ ) d s = ∫ 0 1 ( − 0 ) d s = 0 \begin{aligned}
\int_{L_1} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(s,0) \cdot(-\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 (-0)\, \mathrm{d}s
=0
\end{aligned} ∫ L 1 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( s , 0 ) ⋅ ( − ^ ) d s = ∫ 0 1 ( − 0 ) d s = 0
The parametrization of L 2 L_2 L 2 by arc length is r ( s ) = ı ^ + s ȷ ^ \mathbf{r}(s) = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+s\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} r ( s ) = ^ + s ^ ,
0 ≤ s ≤ 1 0\le s\le 1 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 . As the outward pointing normal to L 2 L_2 L 2 is ı ^ \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} ^ ,
∫ L 2 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( 1 , s ) ⋅ ı ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 2 d s = 2 \begin{aligned}
\int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(1,s) \cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 2\, \mathrm{d}s
=2
\end{aligned} ∫ L 2 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( 1 , s ) ⋅ ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 2 d s = 2
The parametrization of L 3 L_3 L 3 by arc length (starting at ( 1 , 1 ) (1,1) ( 1 , 1 ) )
is r ( s ) = ( 1 − s ) ı ^ + ȷ ^ \mathbf{r}(s) = (1-s)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} r ( s ) = ( 1 − s ) ^ + ^ , 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 0\le s\le 1 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 .
As the outward pointing normal to L 3 L_3 L 3 is ȷ ^ \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} ^ ,
∫ L 3 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( 1 − s , 1 ) ⋅ ȷ ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 e 1 − s d s = [ − e 1 − s ] 0 1 = e − 1 \begin{aligned}
\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(1-s,1) \cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 e^{1-s}\, \mathrm{d}s
=\Big[-e^{1-s}\Big]_0^1
=e-1
\end{aligned} ∫ L 3 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( 1 − s , 1 ) ⋅ ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 e 1 − s d s = [ − e 1 − s ] 0 1 = e − 1
The parametrization of L 4 L_4 L 4 by arc length (starting at ( 0 , 1 ) (0,1) ( 0 , 1 ) )
is r ( s ) = ( 1 − s ) ȷ ^ \mathbf{r}(s) = (1-s)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} r ( s ) = ( 1 − s ) ^ , 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 0\le s\le 1 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 . As the outward pointing
normal to L 4 L_4 L 4 is − ı ^ -\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} − ^ ,
∫ L 2 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( 0 , 1 − s ) ⋅ ( − ı ^ ) d s = ∫ 0 1 ( − 0 ) d s = 0 \begin{aligned}
\int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(0,1-s) \cdot(- \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}})\, \mathrm{d}s
=\int_0^1 (-0)\, \mathrm{d}s
=0
\end{aligned} ∫ L 2 F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ 0 1 F ( 0 , 1 − s ) ⋅ ( − ^ ) d s = ∫ 0 1 ( − 0 ) d s = 0
All together
∫ C F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ L 1 F ⋅ n ^ d s + ∫ L 2 F ⋅ n ^ d s + ∫ L 3 F ⋅ n ^ d s + ∫ L 4 F ⋅ n ^ d s = 0 + 2 + ( e − 1 ) + 0 = e + 1 \begin{aligned}
\int_C \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
&= \int_{L_1} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
+\int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
+\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s
+\int_{L_4} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s \\
&= 0+2+(e-1) +0
=e+1
\end{aligned} ∫ C F ⋅ n ^ d s = ∫ L 1 F ⋅ n ^ d s + ∫ L 2 F ⋅ n ^ d s + ∫ L 3 F ⋅ n ^ d s + ∫ L 4 F ⋅ n ^ d s = 0 + 2 + ( e − 1 ) + 0 = e + 1