함수의 평균값

By definition, the average value in question equals

$$\frac1{\pi/2-0} \int_0^{\pi/2} ( 3\cos^3x + 2\cos^2x ) \,\mathrm{d}x = \frac2\pi \bigg( \int_0^{\pi/2} 3\cos^3x \,\mathrm{d}x + \int_0^{\pi/2} 2\cos^2x \,\mathrm{d}x \bigg)$$

For the first integral we use the substitution $u = \sin x$, $\mathrm{d}u=\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x$, $\cos^2 x=1-\sin^2 x = 1-u^2$. Note that the endpoints $x=0$ and $x=\frac\pi2$ become $u=0$ and $u=1$, respectively.

$$\begin{aligned} \int_0^{\pi/2} 3 \cos^3x \,\mathrm{d}x &= \int_0^{\pi/2} 3 \cos^2 x \cos x \,\mathrm{d}x \\ &= \int_0^{1} 3(1-u^2) \,\mathrm{d}u \\ &= (3u-u^3)\Big|_0^1 = 2. \end{aligned}$$

For the second integral we use the trigonometric identity $\cos^2x\,\mathrm{d}x = \frac{1 + \cos(2x)}{2}$.

$$\begin{aligned} 2 \int_0^{\pi/2} \cos^2x\,\mathrm{d}x &= \int_0^{\pi/2} \big(1 + \cos(2x) \big) \,\mathrm{d}x \\ &= \bigg[ x + \frac{1}{2}\sin(2x) \bigg]_0^{\pi/2} = \frac\pi2 \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, the average value in question is

$$\frac2\pi \bigg( \int_0^{\pi/2} 3\cos^3x \,\mathrm{d}x + \int_0^{\pi/2} 2\cos^2x \,\mathrm{d}x \bigg) = \frac2\pi \bigg( 2 + \frac\pi2 \bigg) = \frac{4}{\pi}+1.$$