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다변수 연쇄법칙

먼저 혼자 풀어 보고, 풀이로 확인한 다음, 아래 「한 번 더」 문제로 이어서 연습하세요.

CLP-3 · 2.4절 · 20번대학 수준우리말 번역

어떤 두 번 미분가능한 함수 u=u(x,y)u = u(x, y) 에 대하여 w(s,t)=u(2s+3t,3s−2t)w(s,t) = u(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) 라 하자.

(a) wssw_{ss} 를 uxxu_{xx}, uxyu_{xy}, uyyu_{yy} 로 나타내세요 (uxy=uyxu_{xy} = u_{yx} 라고 가정해도 됩니다). (b) uxx+uyy=0u_{xx} + u_{yy} = 0 이라 하자. 상수 AA 가 얼마일 때 wss=Awttw_{ss} = Aw_{tt} 가 되는지 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Let w(s,t)=u(2s+3t,3s−2t)w(s,t) = u(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) for some twice differentiable function u=u(x,y)u = u(x, y).

(a) Find wssw_{ss} in terms of uxxu_{xx}, uxyu_{xy} , and uyyu_{yy} (you can assume that uxy=uyxu_{xy} = u_{yx}). (b) Suppose uxx+uyy=0u_{xx} + u_{yy} = 0. For what constant AA will wss=Awttw_{ss} = Aw_{tt}?

정답·풀이 보기

(a) 연쇄 법칙에 의해

ws(s,t)=∂∂s[u(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂s(2s+3t)+uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂s(3s−2t)=2 ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)+3 uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_s(s,t) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big[u(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big(2s + 3t\big) +u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big(3s - 2t\big) \\ &= 2\,u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +3\,u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

이고

wss(s,t)=2∂∂s[ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)]+3∂∂s[uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=[4uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)+6uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]+[6uyx(2s+3t,3s−2t)+9uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=4 uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)+12 uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)+9 uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_{ss}(s,t) &= 2\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big[u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] + 3\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big[u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= \big[4u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +6u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\& + \big[6u_{yx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +9u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\ &=4\,u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +12\,u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +9\,u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

이다.

(b) 다시 연쇄 법칙에 의해

wt(s,t)=∂∂t[u(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂t(2s+3t)+uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂t(3s−2t)=3 ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)−2 uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_t(s,t) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big[u(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big(2s + 3t\big) +u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big(3s - 2t\big) \\ &= 3\,u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -2\, u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

이고

wtt(s,t)=3∂∂t[ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)]−2∂∂t[uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=[9uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)−6uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]−[6uyx(2s+3t,3s−2t)−4uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=9 uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)−12 uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)+4 uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_{tt}(s,t) &= 3\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big[u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] - 2\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big[u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= \big[9u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -6u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\& - \big[6u_{yx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -4u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\ &=9\,u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -12\,u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +4\,u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

이다.

따라서 임의의 상수 AA 에 대해

wss−Awtt=(4−9A)uxx+(12+12A)uxy+(9−4A)uyy\begin{aligned} w_{ss} - Aw_{tt} &= (4-9A) u_{xx} +(12+12A) u_{xy} + (9-4A) u_{yy} \end{aligned}

이다.

uxx+uyy=0u_{xx} + u_{yy}=0 이 주어졌으므로, A=−1A=-1 이면 이 값은 원하는 대로 0이 된다. (이때 (4−9A)=(9−4A)=13(4-9A)=(9-4A)=13 이다.)

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) By the chain rule

ws(s,t)=∂∂s[u(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂s(2s+3t)+uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂s(3s−2t)=2 ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)+3 uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_s(s,t) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big[u(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big(2s + 3t\big) +u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big(3s - 2t\big) \\ &= 2\,u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +3\,u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

and

wss(s,t)=2∂∂s[ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)]+3∂∂s[uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=[4uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)+6uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]+[6uyx(2s+3t,3s−2t)+9uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=4 uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)+12 uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)+9 uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_{ss}(s,t) &= 2\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big[u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] + 3\frac{\partial }{\partial s}\big[u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= \big[4u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +6u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\& + \big[6u_{yx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +9u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\ &=4\,u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +12\,u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +9\,u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

(b) Again by the chain rule

wt(s,t)=∂∂t[u(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂t(2s+3t)+uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)∂∂t(3s−2t)=3 ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)−2 uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_t(s,t) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big[u(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big(2s + 3t\big) +u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big(3s - 2t\big) \\ &= 3\,u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -2\, u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

and

wtt(s,t)=3∂∂t[ux(2s+3t,3s−2t)]−2∂∂t[uy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=[9uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)−6uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]−[6uyx(2s+3t,3s−2t)−4uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)]=9 uxx(2s+3t,3s−2t)−12 uxy(2s+3t,3s−2t)+4 uyy(2s+3t,3s−2t)\begin{aligned} w_{tt}(s,t) &= 3\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big[u_x(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] - 2\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\big[u_y(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t)\big] \\ &= \big[9u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -6u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\& - \big[6u_{yx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -4u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \big] \\ &=9\,u_{xx}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) -12\,u_{xy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) +4\,u_{yy}(2s + 3t, 3s - 2t) \end{aligned}

Consquently, for any constant AA,

wss−Awtt=(4−9A)uxx+(12+12A)uxy+(9−4A)uyy\begin{aligned} w_{ss} - Aw_{tt} &= (4-9A) u_{xx} +(12+12A) u_{xy} + (9-4A) u_{yy} \end{aligned}

Given that uxx+uyy=0u_{xx} + u_{yy}=0, this will be zero, as desired, if A=−1A=-1. (Then (4−9A)=(9−4A)=13(4-9A)=(9-4A)=13.)

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제OpenStax 3권 · 4.5절 · 15번우리말 번역

다음 연습문제에서 연쇄 법칙과 직접 치환을 이용하여 dfdt\frac{df}{dt} 를 구하세요.

u=exsin⁡ yu={e}^{x}\sin \,y 이고 x=−ln2tx=-ln2t, y=πty=\pi t 일 때, x=ln⁡ 2x=\ln \,2 이고 y=π4y=\frac{\pi }{4} 일 때의 dudt\frac{du}{dt} 를 구하세요.

다 풀었으면 정답 확인

dudt=2(π−4)\frac{du}{dt}=\sqrt{2}(\pi -4)

이 문제로 이어서 풀기
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