극값과 안장점

(a) We have

$$\begin{aligned} f(x,y)&=xy(x+2y-6)\quad & f_x(x,y)&=2xy+2y^2-6y\quad & f_{xx}(x,y)&=2y \\ & & f_y(x,y)&=x^2+4xy-6x & f_{yy}(x,y)&=4x\\ & & & &f_{xy}(x,y)&=2x+4y-6 \end{aligned}$$

At a critical point

$$\begin{aligned} f_x(x,y)=f_y(x,y)=0 &\iff 2y(x+y-3)=0\text{ and }x(x+4y-6)=0 \\ &\iff \{y=0\text{ or }x+y=3\}\text{ and }\{x=0\text{ or }x+4y=6\}\\ &\iff \{x=y=0\}\text{ or }\{y=0,\ x+4y=6\}\\ &\text{ or }\{x+y=3,\ x=0\} \text{ or }\{x+y=3,\ x+4y=6\}\\ &\iff (x,y)=(0,0)\text{ or }(6,0)\text{ or }(0,3)\text{ or }(2,1) \end{aligned}$$

Here is a table giving the classification of each of the four critical points.

$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}\hline \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\text{critical}}{\text{point}} & f_{xx}f_{yy}-f_{xy}^2 & f_{xx} & \text{type} \\ \hline (0,0) & 0\times 0-(-6)^2<0 & & \text{saddle point} \\ \hline (6,0) & 0\times 24-6^2<0 & & \text{saddle point} \\ \hline (0,3) & 6\times 0-6^2<0 & & \text{saddle point} \\ \hline (2,1) & 2\times 8-2^2>0 & \text{2} & \text{local min} \\ \hline \end{array}$$

(b) Observe that $xy=4$ and $x+2y=6$ intersect when $x=6-2y$ and

$$\begin{aligned} (6-2y)y=4 &\iff 2y^2-6y+4=0 \iff 2(y-1)(y-2)=0 \\ &\iff (x,y) = (4,1)\text{ or }(2,2) \end{aligned}$$

The shaded region in the sketch below is $D$.

None of the critical points are in $D$. So the max and min must occur at either $(2,2)$ or $(4,1)$ or on $xy=4$, $2<x<4$ (in which case $F(x)=f\big(x,\frac{4}{x}\big)=4\big(x+\frac{8}{x}-6)$ obeys $F'(x)=4-\frac{32}{x^2}=0\iff x=\pm2\sqrt{2}$) or on $x+2y=6$, $2<x<4$ (in which case $f(x,y)$ is identically zero). So the min and max must occur at one of

$$\begin{array}{|c|c|}\hline (x,y) & f(x,y) \\ \hline (2,2) & 2\times 2(2+2\times2-6)=0 \\ \hline (4,1) & 4\times 1(4+2\times 1-6)=0 \\ \hline (2\sqrt{2},\sqrt{2}) & 4(2\sqrt{2}+2\sqrt{2}-6)<0 \\ \hline \end{array}$$

The maximum value is $0$ and the minimum value is $4(4\sqrt{2}-6) \approx -1.37$.