미적분의 기본정리

Recall that “$+C$" means that we can add any constant to the function. Since $\tan^2 x = \sec^2 x - 1$, Students A and B have equivalent answers: they only differ by a constant.

So, if one is right, both are right; if one is wrong, both are wrong. We check Student A's work: $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{\tan^2 x + x + C\}=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{\tan^2 x\} +1 + 0 = f(x)-1+1=f(x)$$ So, Student A's answer is indeed an anditerivative of $f(x)$. Therefore, both students ended up with the correct answer.

Remark: it is a frequent occurrence that equivalent answers might look quite different. As you are comparing your work to others', this is a good thing to keep in mind!

(a) When $x=3$,

$$\begin{aligned} F(3)&=\displaystyle\int_0^3 3^3 \sin(t)\ \mathrm{d}t=27\int_0^3 \sin t \ \mathrm{d}t \\ \text{Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2,} \\ &=27\left[-\cos t\right]_{t=0}^{t=3} =27\left[-\cos 3 - (-\cos 0)\right]\\ &=27(1-\cos 3 ) \end{aligned}$$ (b) Since the integration is with respect to $t$, the $x^3$ term can be moved outside the integral. That is: for the purposes of the integral, $x^3$ is a constant (although for the purposes of the derivative, it certainly is not).

$$\begin{aligned} F(x)&=\displaystyle\int_0^x x^3 \sin(t)\ \mathrm{d}t = x^3 \int_0^x \sin(t)\ \mathrm{d}t \\ \text{Using the product rule and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1,} \\ F'(x)&=x^3\cdot \sin(x) + 3x^2 \int_0^x \sin(t)\ \mathrm{d}t\\ &=x^3\sin(x)+3x^2\left[-\cos(t)\right]_{t=0}^{t=x}\\ &=x^3\sin(x)+3x^2[-\cos(x)-(-\cos(0))]\\ &=x^3\sin (x) + 3x^2[1-\cos (x)] \end{aligned}$$

Remark: Since $x$ and $t$ play different roles in our problem, it's crucial that they have different names. This is one reason why we should avoid the common mistake of writing $\int_a^x f(x)\mathrm{d}x$ when we mean $\int_a^x f(t)\mathrm{d}t$.