문제 은행 · 미적분 · 대학 미적분 · 벡터 미적분

선적분

곡선을 따라 스칼라 함수와 벡터장을 적분한다(일·순환·플럭스)

유형·난이도는 우리말 풀이가 붙은 문제는 선생님이 정했고, 나머지는 자동 분류라 다를 수 있어요. 난이도가 정해지지 않은 문제는 난이도로 거를 때 빠집니다.

4문제 · 1 / 1쪽

1.CLP-4 · 1.6절 · 8번대학 수준우리말 번역

선적분 ∫CF⋅n^ ds\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\,\mathrm{d}s 의 값을 구하세요. 여기서 F(x,y)=xy2 ı^+yex ȷ^\mathbf{F}(x,y) = xy^2 \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + ye^x \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 이고, CC 는 직사각형 RR: 0≤x≤30 \le x \le 3, −1≤y≤1-1 \le y \le 1 의 경계이며, n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} 은 CC 에 수직이고 직사각형의 바깥쪽을 향하는 단위벡터입니다.

영어 원문 보기

Evaluate the line integral ∫CF⋅n^ ds\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\,\mathrm{d}s where F(x,y)=xy2 ı^+yex ȷ^\mathbf{F}(x,y) = xy^2 \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + ye^x \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} , CC is the boundary of the rectangle RR: 0≤x≤30 \le x \le 3, −1≤y≤1-1 \le y \le 1, and n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} is the unit vector, normal to CC, pointing to the outside of the rectangle.

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

문제에서 곡선 CC 의 방향(즉, 곡선을 따라 움직이는 방향)이 정해져 있지 않음을 눈치챘을 것이다. 적분값은 CC 의 방향과 관계없기 때문이다.

  • CC 위의 각 점에서 F(x,y)=xy2 ı^+yex ȷ^\mathbf{F}(x,y) = xy^2 \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + ye^x \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 이며, 이는 방향과 관계없다.
  • CC 위의 각 점에서 n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} 은 바깥쪽을 향하는 법선벡터이며, 이는 방향과 관계없다.
  • ds>0ds>0 이며, 이는 방향과 관계없다.

직사각형 RR 의 그림은 다음과 같다.

그림 \

CC 를 반시계 방향으로 따라가기로 임의로 정했다. RR 의 경계는 네 개의 선분으로 이루어져 있다.

  • L1L_1 은 (0,−1)(0,-1) 에서 (3,−1)(3,-1) 까지이며, n^=−ȷ^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = -\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}
  • L2L_2 는 (3,−1)(3,-1) 에서 (3,1)(3,1) 까지이며, n^=ı^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}
  • L3L_3 은 (3,1)(3,1) 에서 (0,1)(0,1) 까지이며, n^=ȷ^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}
  • L4L_4 는 (0,1)(0,1) 에서 (0,−1)(0,-1) 까지이며, n^=−ı^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = -\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}

따라서

∫CF⋅n^ ds=∫L1F⋅(−ȷ^) ds+∫L2F⋅ı^ ds+∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds+∫L4F⋅(−ı^) ds=∫03−(−1)⏞yex dx+∫−11(3)⏞xy2 dy+∫30(1)⏞yex (−dx)⏞ds+∫1−1(0)⏞xy2 (−dy)⏞ds=[e3−1]+[13−(−1)3]+[e3−1]+0=2e3\begin{aligned} \int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\,\mathrm{d}s &= \int_{L_1} \mathbf{F}\cdot(-\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_2} \mathbf{F}\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\,\mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_4} \mathbf{F}\cdot(-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}})\,\mathrm{d}s \\ &= \int_0^3 -\overbrace{(-1)}^{y}e^x\,\mathrm{d}x +\int_{-1}^1 \overbrace{(3)}^{x}y^2\,\mathrm{d}y +\int^0_3 \overbrace{(1)}^{y}e^x\,\overbrace{(-\mathrm{d}x)}^{\mathrm{d}s} +\int^{-1}_1 \overbrace{(0)}^{x}y^2\,\overbrace{(-\mathrm{d}y)}^{\mathrm{d}s} \\ &=\big[e^3-1\big]+\big[1^3-(-1)^3\big] + \big[e^3-1\big]+0 \\ &=2e^3 \end{aligned}

이 계산에서 가장 까다로운 부분은 L3L_3 과 L4L_4 에서 ds\mathrm{d}s 를 바르게 잡는 것이다(ds\mathrm{d}s 는 이동한 곡선의 길이이므로 양수이지만, L3L_3 에서는 dx<0\mathrm{d}x<0 이고 L4L_4 에서는 dy<0\mathrm{d}y<0 임을 기억해야 한다). ∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s 를 더 자세히 계산하기 위해, L3L_3 을 다음과 같이 매개변수로 나타내자.

r(t)=(3,1)+t{(0,1)−(3,1)}=(3−3t,1)0≤t≤1\mathbf{r}(t) = (3,1) + t\big\{(0,1)-(3,1)\big\} = \big(3-3t,1\big)\qquad 0\le t\le 1

그러면 r(0)=(3,1)\mathbf{r}(0) = (3,1) 은 L3L_3 의 시작점이고 r(1)=(0,1)\mathbf{r}(1) = (0,1) 은 L3L_3 의 끝점이다. 이때

r′(t)=(−3,0)dsdt(t)=∣r′(t)∣=3\mathbf{r}'(t) = (-3,0)\qquad \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) = |\mathbf{r}'(t)| = 3

이고

∫L3F⋅ȷ^ ds=∫01F(r(t))⋅ȷ^ dsdt(t) dt=∫01e3−3t⏞y(t)ex(t) 3⏞dsdt(t) dt=−e3−3t∣01=e3−1\begin{aligned} \int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}\big(\mathbf{r}(t)\big)\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1\overbrace{e^{3-3t}}^{y(t)e^{x(t)}}\, \overbrace{3}^{\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =-e^{3-3t}\Big|_0^1 =e^3-1 \end{aligned}

이다.

검산으로, L3L_3 을 다음과 같이 매개변수로 나타낼 때에도 ∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s 의 값이 같음을 확인해 보자.

r(t)=(0,1)+t{(3,1)−(0,1)}=(3t,1)0≤t≤1\mathbf{r}(t) = (0,1) + t\big\{(3,1)-(0,1)\big\} = \big(3t,1\big)\qquad 0\le t\le 1

이번에는 r(0)=(0,1)\mathbf{r}(0) = (0,1) 이 L3L_3 의 시작점이고 r(1)=(3,1)\mathbf{r}(1) = (3,1) 이 L3L_3 의 끝점이다. 이번에는

r′(t)=(3,0)dsdt(t)=∣r′(t)∣=3\mathbf{r}'(t) = (3,0)\qquad \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) = |\mathbf{r}'(t)| = 3

이고

∫L3F⋅ȷ^ ds=∫01F(r(t))⋅ȷ^ dsdt(t) dt=∫01e3t⏞y(t)ex(t) 3⏞dsdt(t) dt=e3t∣01=e3−1\begin{aligned} \int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}\big(\mathbf{r}(t)\big)\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1\overbrace{e^{3t}}^{y(t)e^{x(t)}}\, \overbrace{3}^{\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =e^{3t}\Big|_0^1 =e^3-1 \end{aligned}

이다.

따라서 L3L_3 의 두 방향 모두 ∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s 의 값이 같다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

You may have noticed that the orientation of (i.e. the direction of motion along) the curve CC was not specified in the question. That's because the value of the integral is independent of the orientation of CC:

  • At each point of CC, F(x,y)=xy2 ı^+yex ȷ^\mathbf{F}(x,y) = xy^2 \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + ye^x \,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, independent of the orientation.
  • At each point of CC, n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} is the outward pointing normal, independent of the orientation.
  • ds>0ds>0, independent of the orientation.

Here is a sketch of the rectangle RR.

figure \

We have arbitrarily chosen to traverse CC in the counterclockwise direction. The boundary of RR boundary consists of four line segments.

  • L1L_1 from (0,−1)(0,-1) to (3,−1)(3,-1), with n^=−ȷ^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = -\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}
  • L2L_2 from (3,−1)(3,-1) to (3,1)(3,1), with n^=ı^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}
  • L3L_3 from (3,1)(3,1) to (0,1)(0,1), with n^=ȷ^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}
  • L4L_4 from (0,1)(0,1) to (0,−1)(0,-1), with n^=−ı^\hat{\mathbf{n}} = -\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}

So

∫CF⋅n^ ds=∫L1F⋅(−ȷ^) ds+∫L2F⋅ı^ ds+∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds+∫L4F⋅(−ı^) ds=∫03−(−1)⏞yex dx+∫−11(3)⏞xy2 dy+∫30(1)⏞yex (−dx)⏞ds+∫1−1(0)⏞xy2 (−dy)⏞ds=[e3−1]+[13−(−1)3]+[e3−1]+0=2e3\begin{aligned} \int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\,\mathrm{d}s &= \int_{L_1} \mathbf{F}\cdot(-\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_2} \mathbf{F}\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\,\mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_4} \mathbf{F}\cdot(-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}})\,\mathrm{d}s \\ &= \int_0^3 -\overbrace{(-1)}^{y}e^x\,\mathrm{d}x +\int_{-1}^1 \overbrace{(3)}^{x}y^2\,\mathrm{d}y +\int^0_3 \overbrace{(1)}^{y}e^x\,\overbrace{(-\mathrm{d}x)}^{\mathrm{d}s} +\int^{-1}_1 \overbrace{(0)}^{x}y^2\,\overbrace{(-\mathrm{d}y)}^{\mathrm{d}s} \\ &=\big[e^3-1\big]+\big[1^3-(-1)^3\big] + \big[e^3-1\big]+0 \\ &=2e^3 \end{aligned}

The trickiest part of this computation is getting ds\mathrm{d}s correct on L3L_3 and L4L_4 (remembering that ds\mathrm{d}s is the arc length traveled and so is positive, while dx<0\mathrm{d}x<0 on L3L_3 and dy<0\mathrm{d}y<0 on L4L_4). To make a more detailed computation of ∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s, parametrize L3L_3 by

r(t)=(3,1)+t{(0,1)−(3,1)}=(3−3t,1)0≤t≤1\mathbf{r}(t) = (3,1) + t\big\{(0,1)-(3,1)\big\} = \big(3-3t,1\big)\qquad 0\le t\le 1

so that r(0)=(3,1)\mathbf{r}(0) = (3,1) is the initial point of L3L_3 and r(1)=(0,1)\mathbf{r}(1) = (0,1) is the final point of L3L_3. Then

r′(t)=(−3,0)dsdt(t)=∣r′(t)∣=3\mathbf{r}'(t) = (-3,0)\qquad \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) = |\mathbf{r}'(t)| = 3

and

∫L3F⋅ȷ^ ds=∫01F(r(t))⋅ȷ^ dsdt(t) dt=∫01e3−3t⏞y(t)ex(t) 3⏞dsdt(t) dt=−e3−3t∣01=e3−1\begin{aligned} \int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}\big(\mathbf{r}(t)\big)\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1\overbrace{e^{3-3t}}^{y(t)e^{x(t)}}\, \overbrace{3}^{\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =-e^{3-3t}\Big|_0^1 =e^3-1 \end{aligned}

As a check, we'll now verify that we get the same answer for ∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s, when we parametrize L3L_3 by

r(t)=(0,1)+t{(3,1)−(0,1)}=(3t,1)0≤t≤1\mathbf{r}(t) = (0,1) + t\big\{(3,1)-(0,1)\big\} = \big(3t,1\big)\qquad 0\le t\le 1

so that, this time, r(0)=(0,1)\mathbf{r}(0) = (0,1) is the initial point of L3L_3 and r(1)=(3,1)\mathbf{r}(1) = (3,1) is the final point of L3L_3. This time

r′(t)=(3,0)dsdt(t)=∣r′(t)∣=3\mathbf{r}'(t) = (3,0)\qquad \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) = |\mathbf{r}'(t)| = 3

and

∫L3F⋅ȷ^ ds=∫01F(r(t))⋅ȷ^ dsdt(t) dt=∫01e3t⏞y(t)ex(t) 3⏞dsdt(t) dt=e3t∣01=e3−1\begin{aligned} \int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}\big(\mathbf{r}(t)\big)\cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1\overbrace{e^{3t}}^{y(t)e^{x(t)}}\, \overbrace{3}^{\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =e^{3t}\Big|_0^1 =e^3-1 \end{aligned}

So both orientations of L3L_3 give the same value of ∫L3F⋅(ȷ^) ds\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F}\cdot(\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\,\mathrm{d}s.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기OpenStax 3권 · 6장 복습 · 3번
# 선적분계산도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
2.CLP-4 · 1.6절 · 10번대학 수준우리말 번역

철사가 곡선 (t+12t2 , t−12t2 , 43 t3/2)(t+\frac12t^2~,~t-\frac12t^2~,~\frac{4}{3}\,t^{3/2}), 0≤t≤40 \leq t \leq 4 로 나타내어지는 경로 CC 를 따라 놓여 있다. 점 (x,y,z)(x,y,z) 에서 이 철사의 밀도는 ρ(x,y,z)=(x+y2)\rho(x,y,z)={\left( \frac{x+y}{2}\right)} 이다. 이 철사의 질량중심을 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A wire traces out a path CC described by the curve (t+12t2 , t−12t2 , 43 t3/2)(t+\frac12t^2~,~t-\frac12t^2~,~\frac{4}{3}\,t^{3/2}), 0≤t≤40 \leq t \leq 4. Its density at the point (x,y,z)(x,y,z) is ρ(x,y,z)=(x+y2)\rho(x,y,z)={\left( \frac{x+y}{2}\right)}. Find its centre of mass.

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

질량중심 공식 xˉ=∫Cxρ ds∫Cρ ds\bar x = \dfrac{\int_C x\rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int_C \rho\,\mathrm{d}s} 등을 사용한다. 풀이 과정을 더 분명히 하기 위해 계산을 여러 단계로 나누어 진행한다.

x(t)=t+12t2x′(t)=1+ty(t)=t−12t2y′(t)=1−tz(t)=43t3/2z′(t)=2t\begin{aligned} x(t)&= t+ \frac12 t^2 & x'(t)&=1+t\\ y(t)&= t- \frac12 t^2 & y'(t)&=1-t\\ z(t)&=\frac43 t^{3/2} & z'(t)&=2\sqrt{t} \end{aligned}

x′(t)2+y′(t)2+z′(t)2=1+2t+t2+1−2t+t2+4t=2(t2+2t+1)=2(t+1)ρ(x(t),y(t),z(t))=x(t)+y(t)2=(t+t2/2)+(t−t2/2)2=t\begin{aligned} \sqrt{x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2+z'(t)^2}&=\sqrt{1+2t+t^2+1-2t+t^2+4t}=\sqrt{2(t^2+2t+1)}= \sqrt{2}(t+1)\\ \rho(x(t),y(t),z(t))&= \frac{x(t)+y(t)}{2}={\frac{(t+t^2/2 )+( t - t^2/2)}{2}}= t \end{aligned}

∫Credρ ds=∫04t 2(t+1) dt=23⋅1123∫Cxredρ ds=∫04(t+12t2)t 2(t+1) dt=2∫022(t42+32t3+t2) dt=2(295+3(25)+263)=25⋅103215∫Cyredρ ds=∫04(t−12t2)t 2(t+1) dt=2∫022(−t42+t32+t2)dt=2(−295+25+263)=−25⋅23215∫Czredρ ds=∫04(43t3/2)t 2(t+1) dt=423∫022(t7/2+t5/2)dt=423(2109+287)=210⋅3727⋅33x‾=∫xρ ds∫ρ ds=25⋅10321523⋅1123=41255≈7.5y‾=∫yρ ds∫ρ ds=−25⋅2321523⋅1123=−9255≈−1.7z‾=∫zρ ds∫ρ ds=210⋅3727⋅3323⋅1123=4736693≈6.8\begin{aligned} \int_C {red}\rho \,\mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t =\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}\\ \int_C x {red}\rho \,\mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 \left(t+\frac12t^2\right) t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t =\sqrt{2}\int_0^{2^2} \left(\frac{t^4}{2}+\frac{3}{2}t^3 +t^2\right)\ \mathrm{d}t\\ &=\sqrt{2}\left(\frac{2^9}{5} +3(2^5)+\frac{2^6}{3}\right) =\frac{2^5\cdot103\sqrt 2}{15}\\ \int_C y {red}\rho \,\mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 \left(t-\frac12t^2\right) t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t=\sqrt2\int_0^{2^2}\left(-\frac{t^4}{2}+\frac{t^3}{2}+t^2 \right)\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\sqrt{2}\left(-\frac{2^9}{5}+{2^5}+\frac{2^6}{3} \right) =-\frac{2^5\cdot 23\sqrt 2}{15}\\ \int_C z {red} \rho\, \mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 \left(\frac{4}{3}t^{3/2}\right) t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t=\frac{4\sqrt2}{3}\int_0^{2^2} \left( t^{7/2}+t^{5/2}\right)\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\frac{4\sqrt2}{3}\left( \frac{2^{10}}{9}+\frac{2^8}{7}\right)=\frac{2^{10}\cdot37\sqrt{2}}{7\cdot 3^3} \\ \overline{x}&=\frac{\int x \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}=\frac{\frac{2^5\cdot103\sqrt 2}{15}}{\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}}=\frac{412}{55}\approx 7.5\\ \overline{y}&=\frac{\int y \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}=\frac{-\frac{2^5\cdot 23\sqrt 2}{15}}{\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}}=-\frac{92}{55}\approx-1.7\\ \overline{z}&=\frac{\int z \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}=\frac{\frac{2^{10}\cdot37\sqrt{2}}{7\cdot 3^3}}{\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}}=\frac{4736}{693}\approx 6.8 \end{aligned}

이렇게 긴 계산을 한 뒤에는 결과가 타당한지 검토해 보는 것이 좋다. 0≤t≤40 \le t \le 4 일 때, 철사는 다음 구간에 놓여 있다: 0≤x≤120 \le x \le 12, −4≤y≤1/2-4 \le y \le 1/2, 0≤z≤32/30 \le z \le 32/3. 질량중심의 좌표는 모두 이 구간 안에 들어 있다. 이것이 답이 옳음을 보장하지는 않지만 좋은 징조이다. 예를 들어 x‾\overline x 가 음수이거나 z‾\overline z 가 11보다 컸다면, 무언가 잘못되었음을 알 수 있었을 것이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

We use the centre of mass formulae xˉ=∫Cxρ ds∫Cρ ds\bar x = \dfrac{\int_C x\rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int_C \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}, etc. To make the working clearer, we'll break these calculations into several steps.

x(t)=t+12t2x′(t)=1+ty(t)=t−12t2y′(t)=1−tz(t)=43t3/2z′(t)=2t\begin{aligned} x(t)&= t+ \frac12 t^2 & x'(t)&=1+t\\ y(t)&= t- \frac12 t^2 & y'(t)&=1-t\\ z(t)&=\frac43 t^{3/2} & z'(t)&=2\sqrt{t} \end{aligned}

x′(t)2+y′(t)2+z′(t)2=1+2t+t2+1−2t+t2+4t=2(t2+2t+1)=2(t+1)ρ(x(t),y(t),z(t))=x(t)+y(t)2=(t+t2/2)+(t−t2/2)2=t\begin{aligned} \sqrt{x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2+z'(t)^2}&=\sqrt{1+2t+t^2+1-2t+t^2+4t}=\sqrt{2(t^2+2t+1)}= \sqrt{2}(t+1)\\ \rho(x(t),y(t),z(t))&= \frac{x(t)+y(t)}{2}={\frac{(t+t^2/2 )+( t - t^2/2)}{2}}= t \end{aligned}

∫Credρ ds=∫04t 2(t+1) dt=23⋅1123∫Cxredρ ds=∫04(t+12t2)t 2(t+1) dt=2∫022(t42+32t3+t2) dt=2(295+3(25)+263)=25⋅103215∫Cyredρ ds=∫04(t−12t2)t 2(t+1) dt=2∫022(−t42+t32+t2)dt=2(−295+25+263)=−25⋅23215∫Czredρ ds=∫04(43t3/2)t 2(t+1) dt=423∫022(t7/2+t5/2)dt=423(2109+287)=210⋅3727⋅33x‾=∫xρ ds∫ρ ds=25⋅10321523⋅1123=41255≈7.5y‾=∫yρ ds∫ρ ds=−25⋅2321523⋅1123=−9255≈−1.7z‾=∫zρ ds∫ρ ds=210⋅3727⋅3323⋅1123=4736693≈6.8\begin{aligned} \int_C {red}\rho \,\mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t =\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}\\ \int_C x {red}\rho \,\mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 \left(t+\frac12t^2\right) t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t =\sqrt{2}\int_0^{2^2} \left(\frac{t^4}{2}+\frac{3}{2}t^3 +t^2\right)\ \mathrm{d}t\\ &=\sqrt{2}\left(\frac{2^9}{5} +3(2^5)+\frac{2^6}{3}\right) =\frac{2^5\cdot103\sqrt 2}{15}\\ \int_C y {red}\rho \,\mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 \left(t-\frac12t^2\right) t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t=\sqrt2\int_0^{2^2}\left(-\frac{t^4}{2}+\frac{t^3}{2}+t^2 \right)\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\sqrt{2}\left(-\frac{2^9}{5}+{2^5}+\frac{2^6}{3} \right) =-\frac{2^5\cdot 23\sqrt 2}{15}\\ \int_C z {red} \rho\, \mathrm{d}s&=\int_0^4 \left(\frac{4}{3}t^{3/2}\right) t\, \sqrt{2}(t+1)\,\mathrm{d}t=\frac{4\sqrt2}{3}\int_0^{2^2} \left( t^{7/2}+t^{5/2}\right)\mathrm{d}t\\ &=\frac{4\sqrt2}{3}\left( \frac{2^{10}}{9}+\frac{2^8}{7}\right)=\frac{2^{10}\cdot37\sqrt{2}}{7\cdot 3^3} \\ \overline{x}&=\frac{\int x \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}=\frac{\frac{2^5\cdot103\sqrt 2}{15}}{\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}}=\frac{412}{55}\approx 7.5\\ \overline{y}&=\frac{\int y \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}=\frac{-\frac{2^5\cdot 23\sqrt 2}{15}}{\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}}=-\frac{92}{55}\approx-1.7\\ \overline{z}&=\frac{\int z \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}{\int \rho\,\mathrm{d}s}=\frac{\frac{2^{10}\cdot37\sqrt{2}}{7\cdot 3^3}}{\frac{2^3\cdot 11\sqrt{2}}{3}}=\frac{4736}{693}\approx 6.8 \end{aligned}

After these long calculations, it's nice to do a sanity check. Using 0≤t≤40 \le t \le 4, we see our wire takes up space in the following intervals: 0≤x≤120 \le x \le 12, −4≤y≤1/2-4 \le y \le 1/2, and 0≤z≤32/30 \le z \le 32/3. The coordinates of our centre of mass all fall in these intervals, which doesn't guarantee our answer is correct, but it is a nice sign. If, say x‾\overline x had been negative, or z‾\overline z were greater than 11, we would have known there was something wrong.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기OpenStax 3권 · 6장 복습 · 21번
# 선적분계산도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
3.CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 32번대학 수준우리말 번역

CC 를 곡면 y=x2y=x^2 과 z=x3z=x^3 의 교선을 따라 (0,0,0)(0,0,0) 에서 (1,1,1)(1,1,1) 까지 가는 곡선이라 하자.

(a) ss 가 CC 를 따른 호의 길이이고 ρ=8x+36z\rho=8x+36z 일 때, ∫Cρ ds\int_C \rho\, \mathrm{d}s 의 값을 구하세요. (b) F=sin⁡y ı^+(xcos⁡y+z) ȷ^+(y+z) k^\mathbf{F}=\sin y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (x\cos y+z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+ (y+z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 일 때, ∫CF⋅dr\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} 의 값을 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Let CC be the curve from (0,0,0)(0,0,0) to (1,1,1)(1,1,1) along the intersection of the surfaces y=x2y=x^2 and z=x3z=x^3.

(a) Find ∫Cρ ds\int_C \rho\, \mathrm{d}s if ss is arc length along CC and ρ=8x+36z\rho=8x+36z. (b) Find ∫CF⋅dr\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} if F=sin⁡y ı^+(xcos⁡y+z) ȷ^+(y+z) k^\mathbf{F}=\sin y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (x\cos y+z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+ (y+z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}.

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
정답·풀이 보기

(a) CC 를 xx 로 매개변수화한다. 곡선 위의 점의 첫째 성분이 xx 이면 둘째 성분 yy 는 x2x^2 이어야 하고, 셋째 성분 zz 는 x3x^3 이어야 한다. 따라서

r(x)=x ı^+x2 ȷ^+x3 k^0≤x≤1r′(x)=ı^+2x ȷ^+3x2 k^dsdx(x)=1+4x2+9x4\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(x)&=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+x^3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad 0\le x\le 1\\ \mathbf{r}'(x)&=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+3x^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}(x)&=\sqrt{1+4x^2+9x^4} \end{aligned}

이고

ρ(x) dsdx(x)=(8x+36x3)1+4x2+9x4∫Cρ ds=∫01(8x+36x3)1+4x2+9x4 dx\begin{aligned} \rho(x)\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}(x) &=\big(8x+36x^3\big)\sqrt{1+4x^2+9x^4}\\ \int_C\rho\ \mathrm{d}s &=\int_0^1 \big(8x+36x^3\big)\sqrt{1+4x^2+9x^4}\,\mathrm{d}x \end{aligned}

이다.

u=1+4x2+9x4u=1+4x^2+9x^4, du=(8x+36x3) dx\mathrm{d}u = \big(8x+36x^3\big)\,\mathrm{d}x, u(0)=1u(0)=1, u(1)=14u(1)=14 로 치환하면

∫Cρ ds=∫114u du=23u3/2∣114=23[143/2−1]≈34.26\begin{aligned} \int_C\rho\ \mathrm{d}s &=\int_1^{14} \sqrt{u}\ \mathrm{d}u =\frac{2}{3}u^{3/2}\bigg|_1^{14}\\ &=\frac{2}{3}\big[14^{3/2}-1\big]\approx 34.26 \end{aligned}

이다.

(b) f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+yz+12z2f(x,y,z)=x\sin y+yz+\tfrac{1}{2} z^2 에 대해 F(x,y,z)=∇f(x,y,z)\mathbf{F}(x,y,z)=\nabla f(x,y,z) 이므로

∫CF⋅dr=f(1,1,1)−f(0,0,0)=sin⁡1+32≈2.3415\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}=f(1,1,1)-f(0,0,0) =\sin 1+\frac{3}{2} \approx 2.3415

이다.

퍼텐셜 ff 는 추측으로 구한 것이다. 다른 방법으로, 다음을 풀어서 구할 수도 있다.

∂f∂x(x,y,z)=sin⁡y∂f∂y(x,y,z)=xcos⁡y+z∂f∂z(x,y,z)=y+z\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(x,y,z) &= \sin y \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(x,y,z) &= x\cos y+z \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}(x,y,z) &= y+z \end{aligned}

이 중 첫째 식을 적분하면

f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+g(y,z)f(x,y,z) = x\sin y +g(y,z)

를 얻는다.

이것을 둘째 식에 대입하면

xcos⁡y+∂g∂y(y,z)=xcos⁡y+z또는∂g∂y(x,z)=zx\cos y+\frac{\partial g}{\partial y}(y,z) = x\cos y+z\qquad\text{또는}\qquad \frac{\partial g}{\partial y}(x,z)=z

이고, 이로부터 반드시

g(y,z)=yz+h(z)g(y,z) = yz + h(z)

이다.

마지막으로 f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+yz+h(z)f(x,y,z) = x\sin y +yz + h(z) 를 마지막 식에 대입하면

y+h′(z)=y+z또는h′(z)=zy + h'(z) =y+z \quad\text{또는}\quad h'(z) = z

이다.

따라서 h(x)=z22+Ch(x) = \frac{z^2}{2}+C 이고, 그러므로 임의의 상수 CC 에 대해 f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+yz+z22+Cf(x,y,z) = x\sin y + yz + \frac{z^2}{2}+C 이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Parametrize CC by xx. When the first component of a point on the curve is xx, then the second component, yy, must be x2x^2 and the third component, zz, must be x3x^3. So

r(x)=x ı^+x2 ȷ^+x3 k^0≤x≤1r′(x)=ı^+2x ȷ^+3x2 k^dsdx(x)=1+4x2+9x4\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(x)&=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+x^3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad 0\le x\le 1\\ \mathbf{r}'(x)&=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+3x^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}(x)&=\sqrt{1+4x^2+9x^4} \end{aligned}

and

ρ(x) dsdx(x)=(8x+36x3)1+4x2+9x4∫Cρ ds=∫01(8x+36x3)1+4x2+9x4 dx\begin{aligned} \rho(x)\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}(x) &=\big(8x+36x^3\big)\sqrt{1+4x^2+9x^4}\\ \int_C\rho\ \mathrm{d}s &=\int_0^1 \big(8x+36x^3\big)\sqrt{1+4x^2+9x^4}\,\mathrm{d}x \end{aligned}

Substituting u=1+4x2+9x4u=1+4x^2+9x^4, du=(8x+36x3) dx\mathrm{d}u = \big(8x+36x^3\big)\,\mathrm{d}x, u(0)=1u(0)=1, u(1)=14u(1)=14,

∫Cρ ds=∫114u du=23u3/2∣114=23[143/2−1]≈34.26\begin{aligned} \int_C\rho\ \mathrm{d}s &=\int_1^{14} \sqrt{u}\ \mathrm{d}u =\frac{2}{3}u^{3/2}\bigg|_1^{14}\\ &=\frac{2}{3}\big[14^{3/2}-1\big]\approx 34.26 \end{aligned}

(b) Since F(x,y,z)=∇f(x,y,z)\mathbf{F}(x,y,z)=\nabla f(x,y,z) with f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+yz+12z2f(x,y,z)=x\sin y+yz+\tfrac{1}{2} z^2,

∫CF⋅dr=f(1,1,1)−f(0,0,0)=sin⁡1+32≈2.3415\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}=f(1,1,1)-f(0,0,0) =\sin 1+\frac{3}{2} \approx 2.3415

The potential ff was just guessed. Alternatively, it can be found by solving

∂f∂x(x,y,z)=sin⁡y∂f∂y(x,y,z)=xcos⁡y+z∂f∂z(x,y,z)=y+z\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(x,y,z) &= \sin y \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(x,y,z) &= x\cos y+z \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}(x,y,z) &= y+z \end{aligned}

Integrating the first of these equations gives

f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+g(y,z)f(x,y,z) = x\sin y +g(y,z)

Substituting this into the second equation gives

xcos⁡y+∂g∂y(y,z)=xcos⁡y+zor∂g∂y(x,z)=zx\cos y+\frac{\partial g}{\partial y}(y,z) = x\cos y+z\qquad\text{or}\qquad \frac{\partial g}{\partial y}(x,z)=z

which forces

g(y,z)=yz+h(z)g(y,z) = yz + h(z)

Finally, substituting f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+yz+h(z)f(x,y,z) = x\sin y +yz + h(z) into the last equation gives

y+h′(z)=y+zorh′(z)=zy + h'(z) =y+z \quad\text{or}\quad h'(z) = z

So h(x)=z22+Ch(x) = \frac{z^2}{2}+C and hence f(x,y,z)=xsin⁡y+yz+z22+Cf(x,y,z) = x\sin y + yz + \frac{z^2}{2}+C for any constant CC.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 1.6절 · 2번
# 선적분계산도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
4.CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 34번대학 수준우리말 번역

아래 선적분의 값을 구하세요. (어떤 방법을 써도 좋습니다.)

(a) ∫C(x2+y) dx+x dy\int_C (x^2 + y)\,\mathrm{d}x + x\,\mathrm{d}y, 여기서 CC 는 포물선 y=9−x2y = 9 - x^2 의 호로서 (−3,0)(-3, 0) 에서 (3,0)(3, 0) 까지이다. (b) ∫CF⋅n^ ds\int_C \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s, 여기서 F(x,y)=2x2ı^+yexȷ^\mathbf{F}(x, y) = 2x^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + ye^x\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 이고, CC 는 정사각형 0≤x≤10 \le x \le 1, 0≤y≤10 \le y \le 1 의 경계이다. 여기서 n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} 은 정사각형의 바깥쪽을 향하는 단위법선벡터이고, ss 는 호의 길이이다.

영어 원문 보기

Evaluate the line integrals below. (Use any method you like.)

(a) ∫C(x2+y) dx+x dy\int_C (x^2 + y)\,\mathrm{d}x + x\,\mathrm{d}y, where CC is the arc of the parabola y=9−x2y = 9 - x^2 from (−3,0)(-3, 0) to (3,0)(3, 0). (b) ∫CF⋅n^ ds\int_C \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s, where F(x,y)=2x2ı^+yexȷ^\mathbf{F}(x, y) = 2x^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + ye^x\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, CC is the boundary of the square 0≤x≤10 \le x \le 1, 0≤y≤10 \le y \le 1. Here n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} is the unit normal vector pointing outward from the square, and ss is arc length.

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
정답·풀이 보기

(a) 매개변수화

r(x)=x ı^+(9−x2) ȷ^\mathbf{r}(x) = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(9-x^2)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}

를 이용하여 적분을 직접 계산하자. 단, −3≤x≤3-3\le x \le 3 이다.

r′(x)=ı^−2x ȷ^\mathbf{r}'(x) = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 이므로

∫C(x2+y) dx+x dy=∫−33(x2 + 9−x2⏞y +x(−2x)⏞dydx) dx=∫−33(9−2x2) dx=2∫03(9−2x2) dx=2(27−2333)=18\begin{aligned} \int_C (x^2 + y)\,\mathrm{d}x + x\,\mathrm{d}y &=\int_{-3}^3 \big(x^2\ +\ \overbrace{9-x^2}^{y}\ +x\overbrace{(-2x)}^{\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}}\big)\,\mathrm{d}x =\int_{-3}^3 \big(9-2x^2\big)\,\mathrm{d}x \\ &=2\int_0^3 \big(9-2x^2\big)\,\mathrm{d}x =2\left(27-2\frac{3^3}{3}\right) =18 \end{aligned}

(b) 이 풀이에서는 적분을 직접 계산한다. 그림과 같이 정사각형의 네 변을 L1L_1, L2L_2, L3L_3, L4L_4 라 하자.

그림

L1L_1 을 호의 길이로 매개변수화하면 r(s)=s ı^\mathbf{r}(s) = s\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1 이다. L1L_1 에서 바깥쪽을 향하는 법선벡터는 −ȷ^-\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 이므로

∫L1F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(s,0)⋅(−ȷ^) ds=∫01(−0) ds=0\begin{aligned} \int_{L_1} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(s,0) \cdot(-\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 (-0)\, \mathrm{d}s =0 \end{aligned}

L2L_2 를 호의 길이로 매개변수화하면 r(s)=ı^+s ȷ^\mathbf{r}(s) = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+s\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1 이다. L2L_2 에서 바깥쪽을 향하는 법선벡터는 ı^\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} 이므로

∫L2F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(1,s)⋅ı^ ds=∫012 ds=2\begin{aligned} \int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(1,s) \cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 2\, \mathrm{d}s =2 \end{aligned}

L3L_3 을 ((1,1)(1,1) 에서 시작하여) 호의 길이로 매개변수화하면 r(s)=(1−s) ı^+ȷ^\mathbf{r}(s) = (1-s)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1 이다. L3L_3 에서 바깥쪽을 향하는 법선벡터는 ȷ^\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 이므로

∫L3F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(1−s,1)⋅ȷ^ ds=∫01e1−s ds=[−e1−s]01=e−1\begin{aligned} \int_{L_3} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(1-s,1) \cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 e^{1-s}\, \mathrm{d}s =\Big[-e^{1-s}\Big]_0^1 =e-1 \end{aligned}

L4L_4 를 ((0,1)(0,1) 에서 시작하여) 호의 길이로 매개변수화하면 r(s)=(1−s) ȷ^\mathbf{r}(s) = (1-s)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1 이다. L4L_4 에서 바깥쪽을 향하는 법선벡터는 −ı^-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} 이므로

∫L2F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(0,1−s)⋅(−ı^) ds=∫01(−0) ds=0\begin{aligned} \int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(0,1-s) \cdot(- \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}})\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 (-0)\, \mathrm{d}s =0 \end{aligned}

모두 합하면

∫CF⋅n^ ds=∫L1F⋅n^ ds+∫L2F⋅n^ ds+∫L3F⋅n^ ds+∫L4F⋅n^ ds=0+2+(e−1)+0=e+1\begin{aligned} \int_C \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s &= \int_{L_1} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_4} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s \\ &= 0+2+(e-1) +0 =e+1 \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Let's evaluate the integral directly using the parametrization

r(x)=x ı^+(9−x2) ȷ^\mathbf{r}(x) = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(9-x^2)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}

with −3≤x≤3-3\le x \le 3.

Since r′(x)=ı^−2x ȷ^\mathbf{r}'(x) = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}},

∫C(x2+y) dx+x dy=∫−33(x2 + 9−x2⏞y +x(−2x)⏞dydx) dx=∫−33(9−2x2) dx=2∫03(9−2x2) dx=2(27−2333)=18\begin{aligned} \int_C (x^2 + y)\,\mathrm{d}x + x\,\mathrm{d}y &=\int_{-3}^3 \big(x^2\ +\ \overbrace{9-x^2}^{y}\ +x\overbrace{(-2x)}^{\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}}\big)\,\mathrm{d}x =\int_{-3}^3 \big(9-2x^2\big)\,\mathrm{d}x \\ &=2\int_0^3 \big(9-2x^2\big)\,\mathrm{d}x =2\left(27-2\frac{3^3}{3}\right) =18 \end{aligned}

(b) In this solution, we'll evaluate the integral directly. Label the four sides of the square L1L_1, L2L_2, L3L_3 and L4L_4 as in the figure

figure

The parametrization of L1L_1 by arc length is r(s)=s ı^\mathbf{r}(s) = s\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1. As the outward pointing normal to L1L_1 is −ȷ^-\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}},

∫L1F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(s,0)⋅(−ȷ^) ds=∫01(−0) ds=0\begin{aligned} \int_{L_1} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(s,0) \cdot(-\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 (-0)\, \mathrm{d}s =0 \end{aligned}

The parametrization of L2L_2 by arc length is r(s)=ı^+s ȷ^\mathbf{r}(s) = \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+s\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1. As the outward pointing normal to L2L_2 is ı^\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}},

∫L2F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(1,s)⋅ı^ ds=∫012 ds=2\begin{aligned} \int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(1,s) \cdot \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 2\, \mathrm{d}s =2 \end{aligned}

The parametrization of L3L_3 by arc length (starting at (1,1)(1,1)) is r(s)=(1−s) ı^+ȷ^\mathbf{r}(s) = (1-s)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1. As the outward pointing normal to L3L_3 is ȷ^\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}},

∫L3F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(1−s,1)⋅ȷ^ ds=∫01e1−s ds=[−e1−s]01=e−1\begin{aligned} \int_{L_3} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(1-s,1) \cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 e^{1-s}\, \mathrm{d}s =\Big[-e^{1-s}\Big]_0^1 =e-1 \end{aligned}

The parametrization of L4L_4 by arc length (starting at (0,1)(0,1)) is r(s)=(1−s) ȷ^\mathbf{r}(s) = (1-s)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}, 0≤s≤10\le s\le 1. As the outward pointing normal to L4L_4 is −ı^-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}},

∫L2F⋅n^ ds=∫01F(0,1−s)⋅(−ı^) ds=∫01(−0) ds=0\begin{aligned} \int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 \mathbf{F}(0,1-s) \cdot(- \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}})\, \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^1 (-0)\, \mathrm{d}s =0 \end{aligned}

All together

∫CF⋅n^ ds=∫L1F⋅n^ ds+∫L2F⋅n^ ds+∫L3F⋅n^ ds+∫L4F⋅n^ ds=0+2+(e−1)+0=e+1\begin{aligned} \int_C \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s &= \int_{L_1} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_2} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_3} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s +\int_{L_4} \mathbf{F} \cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\, \mathrm{d}s \\ &= 0+2+(e-1) +0 =e+1 \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 35번
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