If a quadratic function can be factored as (ax+b)(cx+d) for some constants a,b,c,d, then it has roots −ab and −cd. So, if a quadratic function has no roots, it is irreducible: this is the case for the function in graph (d).
If a quadratic function has two different roots, then (ax+b)=α(cx+d) for any constant α. That is, the quadratic function is the product of distinct linear factors. This is the case for the functions graphed in (b) and (c), since these each have two distinct places where they cross the x-axis.
Finally, if a quadratic function has precisely one root, then ab=cd, so:
(ax+b)(cx+d)=a(x+ab)(cx+d)=a(x+cd)(cx+d)=ca(cx+d)(cx+d)
That is, the quadratic function is the product of a repeated linear factor, and a constant ca (which might simply be ca=1).