매개변수 곡면

First note that,

• for A, B and C, $\mathbf{r}(\theta, \phi) =x(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ obeys

$$x(\theta, \phi)^2+ y(\theta, \phi)^2+z(\theta, \phi)^2 = 4$$

and so lies on $S_1$

• for D, E and F, $\mathbf{r}(\theta, z) =x(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ obeys

$$x(\theta, z)^2+ y(\theta, z)^2=4-z(\theta, z)^2$$

and so lies on $S_1$

• for G, H and I, $\mathbf{r}(\theta, z) =x(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ obeys

$$x(\theta, z)^2+ y(\theta, z)^2=z(\theta, z)^2$$

and so lies on $S_3$

• for J, K and L, $\mathbf{r}(x, y) =x(x, y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(x, y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(x, y)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ obeys

$$x(x, y)^2+ y(x, y)^2=z(x, y)^2$$

and so lies on $S_3$

(a) To get a part of $S_1$, we need to use one of the parametrizations A, B, C, D, E, F. In the cases of A, B, C, for $\mathbf{r}(\theta, \phi) =x(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_2$ we need (recalling that all points of $S_1$ have $z(\theta,\phi)\ge 0$ and hence $0\le\phi\le{\pi}/{2}$)

$$\begin{aligned} x(\theta, \phi)^2 + y(\theta, \phi)^2 \le 1 &\iff 4\sin^2\phi \le 1 \iff \sin\phi \le \frac{1}{2} \iff 0\le\phi\le \frac{\pi}{6} \end{aligned}$$

In the cases of D, E, F, for $\mathbf{r}(\theta, z) =x(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_2$ we need (recalling that all points of $S_1$ have $z(\theta,z)\ge 0$ and hence $z\ge 0$)

$$\begin{aligned} x(\theta, z)^2 + y(\theta, z)^2 \le 1 &\iff 4-z^2 \le 1 \iff z \ge \sqrt{3} \end{aligned}$$

So parametrizations A and F work.

(b) To get a part of $S_1$, we need to use one of the parametrizations A, B, C, D, E, F. In the cases of A, B, C, for $\mathbf{r}(\theta, \phi) =x(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, \phi)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_3$ we need (recalling that all points of $S_1$ have $z(\theta,\phi)\ge 0$ and hence $0\le\phi\le{\pi}/{2}$)

$$\begin{aligned} x(\theta, \phi)^2 + y(\theta, \phi)^2 \le z(\theta,\phi)^2 &\iff 4\sin^2\phi \le 4\cos^2\phi \iff \tan\phi \le 1 \iff 0\le\phi\le \frac{\pi}{4} \end{aligned}$$

In the cases of D, E, F, for $\mathbf{r}(\theta, z) =x(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_3$ we need (recalling that all points of $S_1$ have $z(\theta,z)\ge 0$ and hence $z\ge 0$)

$$\begin{aligned} x(\theta, z)^2 + y(\theta, z)^2 \le z(\theta, z)^2 &\iff 4-z^2 \le z^2 \iff z \ge \sqrt{2} \end{aligned}$$

So parametrizations B and E work.

(c) To get a part of $S_3$, we need to use one of the parametrizations G, H, I, J, K, L. In the cases of G, H, I, for $\mathbf{r}(\theta, z) =x(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_2$ we need (recalling that all points of $S_3$ have $z\ge 0$)

$$\begin{aligned} x(\theta, z)^2 + y(\theta, z)^2 \le 1 &\iff z^2 \le 1 \iff 0\le z\le 1 \end{aligned}$$

In the cases of J, K, L, for $\mathbf{r}(x, y) =x(x, y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(x, y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(x, y)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_3$ we need

$$\begin{aligned} x(x, y)^2 + y(x, y)^2 \le 1 &\iff x^2+y^2 \le 1 \end{aligned}$$

So parametrizations G and J work.

(d) To get a part of $S_3$, we need to use one of the parametrizations G, H, I, J, K, L. In the cases of G, H, I, for $\mathbf{r}(\theta, z) =x(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(\theta, z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(\theta, z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_1$ we need (recalling that all points of $S_3$ have $z\ge 0$)

$$\begin{aligned} x(\theta, z)^2 + y(\theta, z)^2+ z(\theta, z)^2 \le 4 &\iff 2z^2 \le 4 \iff 0\le z\le \sqrt{2} \end{aligned}$$

In the cases of J, K, L, for $\mathbf{r}(x, y) =x(x, y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+ y(x, y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z(x, y)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ to lie inside $S_3$ we need

$$\begin{aligned} x(x, y)^2 + y(x, y)^2 + z(x, y)^2 \le 4 &\iff 2x^2+2y^2 \le 4 \end{aligned}$$

So parametrizations H and L work.

(a) In the sketch below, the point $(x,y,z)$ deviates from the centre $(2,2,4)$ by $\sin\theta$ units in the $\hat{\mathbf{k}}$ direction, and by $\cos\theta$ units in the $\sqrt \frac1{\sqrt 2}(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})$ direction. So, $(x,y,z)=(2+\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta~,~2+\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta~,~4+\sin\theta)$.

So, we can parametrize the circle as $(x,y,z)=(2+\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta~,~2+\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta~,~4+\sin\theta)$, with $0 \le \theta \le 2\pi$.

Remark: it's easy to check that this equation satisfies the two properties we desire. Since the $x$- and $y$ coordinates match, it's in the plane $x=y$. To check that it's a circle centred at $(2,2,4)$, we note the distance from $(x,y,z)$ to $(2,2,4)$ is:

$$\begin{aligned} d&=\sqrt{(x-2)^2+(y-2)^2+(z-4)^2}=\sqrt{\left(\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta\right)^2+\left(\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta\right)^2+\left(\sin\theta\right)^2}\\ &=\sqrt{\frac12\cos^2\theta+\frac12\cos^2\theta+\sin^2\theta}=\sqrt{\cos^2\theta+\sin^2\theta}=1 \end{aligned}$$

So, our points all have distance one from the same point — that is, they lie on a circle of radius 1.

(b) Consider a point $(x,y,z)=(2+\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta~,~2+\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta~,~4+\sin\theta)$, rotating $\phi$ radians about the line $x=y=4$.

The new position of the point has the same height, $z=4+\sin\theta$. Its distance from the line $x=y=4$ is also preserved: $R=\sqrt{(x-4)^2+(y-4)^2+(z-z)^2}=\sqrt{(\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta-2)^2+(\frac1{\sqrt 2}\cos\theta-2)^2+0)}=\cos\theta-2\sqrt2$.

The circle traced out by a point $(x,y,z)=(2+\frac1{\sqrt2}\cos\theta,2+\frac{1}{\sqrt 2} \cos \theta,4+\sin\theta)$ on the circle is centred at $(4,4,z)$ with radius $\sqrt2(4-x)$, so it has equation $x=4+\sqrt2(2-\sqrt2\cos\theta)\cos\phi$, $y=4+\sqrt2(2-\sqrt2\cos\theta)\sin\phi$, $z=4\sin\theta$.

(a) A vector perpendicular to $x^2+z^2=10$ at $(1,1,3)$ is

$${ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(x^2+z^2)\big|_{(1,1,3)} =(2x\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2z\hat{\mathbf{k}})\big|_{(1,1,3)} =2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\hat{\mathbf{k}}\text{ or } \frac{1}{2} ( 2,0,6)=( 1,0,3)$$

(b) A vector perpendicular to $y^2+z^2=10$ at $(1,1,3)$ is

$${ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(y^2+z^2)\big|_{(1,1,3)} =(2y\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2z\hat{\mathbf{k}})\big|_{(1,1,3)} =2\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\hat{\mathbf{k}}\text{ or }\frac{1}{2} ( 0,2,6)=( 0,1,3)$$

A vector is tangent to the specified curve at the specified point if and only if it perpendicular to both $(1,0,3)$ and $(0,1,3)$. One such vector is

$$( 0,1,3)\times(1,0,3) =\det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ 0 & 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 0 & 3 \end{matrix}\right] =( 3,3,-1)$$

(c) The specified tangent line passes through $(1,1,3)$ and has direction vector $( 1,1,3)$ and so has vector parametric equation $$\mathbf{r}(t)=( 1,1,3)+t( 3,3,-1)$$

$\mathbf{r}(t)=( x(t)\,,\,y(t)\,,\,z(t))$ intersects $z^3 + xyz -2 = 0$ when

$$z(t)^3+x(t)\,y(t)\,z(t)-2=0\iff \big(t^2\big)^3 + \big(t^3)(t)\big(t^2\big)-2=0 \iff 2t^6=2\iff t=1$$

since $t$ is required to be positive. The direction vector for the curve at $t=1$ is

$$\mathbf{r}'(1)=3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}$$

A normal vector for the surface at $\mathbf{r}(1)=( 1,1,1)$ is

$${ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(z^3+xyz)\big|_{(1,1,1)}=[yz\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+xz\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+(3z^2+xy)\hat{\mathbf{k}}]_{(1,1,1)} =\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\hat{\mathbf{k}}$$

The angle $\theta$ between the curve and the normal vector to the surface is determined by