(a) The nth partial sum of the odd series is 1+31+51+⋯+2n−11. The nth partial sum of the even series is 21+41+61+⋯+2n1. Each term of the even series is less than the corresponding term of the odd series, giving us our result.
(b) The nth partial sum of the odd series is 1+31+51+⋯+2n−11. The nth partial sum of 1 plus the even series is 1+21+41+⋯+2(n−1)1. Each term of the even series is now greater than or equal to the corresponding term of the odd series, with equality only on the first term. This gives us the result.
(c) If the odd series converges, the work done in (a) shows the even series converges also. (The sequence of the nth partial sum of the even series is bounded and monotonically increasing.) Likewise, (b) shows that if the even series converges, the odd series will, too. Thus if either series converges, the other does.
Similarly, (a) and (b) can be used to show that if either series diverges, the other does, too.
(d) If both the even and odd series converge, then their sum would be a convergent series. This would imply that the Harmonic Series, their sum, is convergent. It is not. Hence each series diverges.