정적분과 급수(구분구적법)

Let A be the area of the unit circle. The circle encloses n congruent triangles each of area $\frac{\sin \left(\frac{2\pi }{n}\right)}{2},$ so $\frac{n}{2}\sin \left(\frac{2\pi }{n}\right)\le A.$ Similarly, the circle is contained inside n congruent triangles each of area $\frac{BH}{2}=\frac{1}{2}{\left( \cos \left( \frac{\pi }{n} \right)+\sin \left( \frac{\pi }{n} \right)\tan \left( \frac{\pi }{n} \right) \right)}^{2}\sin \left( \frac{2\pi }{n} \right),$ so $A\le \frac{n}{2}\sin \left(\frac{2\pi }{n}\right)(\cos \left(\frac{\pi }{n}\right)+\sin \left(\frac{\pi }{n}\right)\tan {\left(\frac{\pi }{n}\right))}^{2}.$ As $n\to \infty ,\frac{n}{2}\sin \left(\frac{2\pi }{n}\right)=\frac{\sin \left(\frac{2\pi }{n}\right)}{\left(\frac{2}{n}\right)}A\to \pi ,$ so we conclude $\pi \le A.$ Also, as $n\to \infty ,\cos \left(\frac{\pi }{n}\right)+\sin \left(\frac{\pi }{n}\right)\tan \left(\frac{\pi }{n}\right)\to 1,$ so we also have $A\le \pi .$ By the squeeze theorem for limits, we conclude that $A=\pi .$

• Solution #1: Set $x_i^*=-2+\frac{2i}{n}$. Then $a=x_0=-2$ and $b=x_n=0$ and $\Delta x=\frac{2}{n}$. So

$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \sum_{i=1}^n\frac{2}{n}\sqrt{4-\left(-2+\frac{2i}{n}\right)^2} &= \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i^*)\Delta x\qquad \text{ with $f(x) = \sqrt{4-x^2}$ and $\Delta x = \frac{2}{n}$ } \\ &=\int_{-2}^0 \sqrt{4-x^2}\,\,\mathrm{d}x \end{aligned}$$

For the integral $\int_{-2}^0 \sqrt{4-x^2}\,\,\mathrm{d}x$, $y=\sqrt{4-x^2}$ is equivalent to $x^2+y^2=4$, $y\ge 0$. So the integral represents the area between the upper half of the circle $x^2+y^2=4$ (which has radius $2$) and the $x$-axis with $-2\le x\le 0$, which is a quarter circle with area $\frac{1}{4}\cdot \pi\, 2^2 = \pi$.

• Solution #2: Set $x_i^*=\frac{2i}{n}$. Then $a=x_0=0$ and $b=x_n=2$ and $\Delta x=\frac{2}{n}$. So

$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \sum_{i=1}^n\frac{2}{n}\sqrt{4-\left(-2+\frac{2i}{n}\right)^2} &= \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i^*)\Delta x\quad \text{ with $f(x) = \sqrt{4-(-2+x)^2}$, $\Delta x = \frac{2}{n}$ } \\ &=\int_0^2 \sqrt{4-(-2+x)^2}\,\,\mathrm{d}x \end{aligned}$$

For the integral $\int_{0}^2 \sqrt{4-(-2+x)^2}\,\,\mathrm{d}x$ , $y=\sqrt{4-(x-2)^2}$ is equivalent to $(x-2)^2+y^2=4$, $y\ge 0$. So the integral represents the area between the upper half of the circle $(x-2)^2+y^2=4$ (which is centered at $(2,0)$ and has radius $2$) and the $x$-axis with $0\le x\le 2$, which is a quarter circle with area $\frac{1}{4}\cdot \pi\, 2^2 = \pi$.

(a) The left Riemann sum is defined as

$$\begin{aligned} L_n = \sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_{i-1})\Delta x \qquad\text{with }x_i=a+i\Delta x \end{aligned}$$

We subdivide into $n=3$ intervals, so that $\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n} =\frac{3-0}{3}=1$, $x_0=0$, $x_1=1$ and $x_2=2$. The function $f(x) = 7 + x^3$ has the values $f(x_0) = 7+0^3=7$, $f(x_1) = 7+1^3=8$, and $f(x_2) = 7+2^3=15$, from which we evaluate

$$\begin{aligned} L_3 = \big[f(x_0)+f(x_1)+f(x_2)\big]\Delta x = \big[7+8+15\big]\times 1= 30 \end{aligned}$$

(b) We divide into $n$ intervals so that $\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}=\frac{3}{n}$ and $x_i = a+i\Delta x= \frac{3i}{n}$. The right Riemann sum is therefore:

$$\begin{aligned} R_n = \sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i)\Delta x = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left[ 7 + \frac{(3i)^3}{n^3} \right] \frac{3}{n} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left[ \frac{21}{n} + \frac{81\,i^3}{n^4} \right] \end{aligned}$$

To calculate the sum:

$$\begin{aligned} R_n &= \left( \frac{21}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} 1 \right) + \left( \frac{81}{n^4} \sum_{i=1}^{n} i^3 \right)\\ &=\left( \frac{21}{n}\times n \right)+\left( \frac{81}{n^4} \times \frac{n^4 +2n^3 + n^2}{4} \right)\\ &= 21 + \frac{81}{4}(1 +2/n + 1/n^2) \end{aligned}$$

To evaluate the limit exactly, we take $n \to \infty$. The expressions involving $1/n$ vanish leaving:

$$\begin{aligned} \int_0^3 (7 + x^3) \,\,\mathrm{d}x = \lim_{n \to \infty} R_n = 21 + \frac{81}{4} = 41 \frac{1}{4} \end{aligned}$$

In general, the right–endpoint Riemann sum approximation to the integral $\int_a^b f(x)\,\,\mathrm{d}x$ using $n$ rectangles is

$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^n f(a+i\Delta x) \Delta x \end{aligned}$$

where $\Delta x=\frac{b-a}{n}$. In this problem, $a=2$, $b=4$, and $f(x)=x^2$, so that $\Delta x=\frac{2}{n}$ and the right–endpoint Riemann sum approximation becomes

$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^n f\Big(2+\frac{2i}{n}\Big) \frac{2}{n}&= \sum_{i=1}^n \Big(2+\frac{2i}{n}\Big)^2 \frac{2}{n}\\ &=\sum_{i=1}^n \left(4+\frac{8i}{n}+\frac{4i^2}{n^2}\right)\frac{2}{n} \\&=\sum_{i=1}^n \left(\frac{8}{n}+\frac{16i}{n^2}+\frac{8i^2}{n^3}\right) \\&=\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{8}{n}+\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{16i}{n^2} +\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{8i^2}{n^3} \\ &=\frac{8}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n 1+\frac{16}{n^2}\sum_{i=1}^n i +\frac{8}{n^3}\sum_{i=1}^n i^2\\ &=\frac{8}{n}n + \frac{16}{n^2}\cdot\frac{n(n+1)}{2} +\frac{8}{n^3}\cdot\frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}{6} \\ &=8 + 8\Big(1+\frac{1}{n}\Big) +\frac{4}{3}\Big(1+\frac{1}{n}\Big)\Big(2+\frac{1}{n}\Big) \\ \end{aligned}$$

So

$$\begin{aligned} \int_2^4 x^2\ \,\mathrm{d}x=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \Big[8 + 8\Big(1+\frac{1}{n}\Big) +\frac{4}{3}\Big(1+\frac{1}{n}\Big) \big(2+\frac{1}{n}\Big)\Big] =8+8+\frac{4}{3}\times 2 =\frac{56}{3} \end{aligned}$$

We'll use right Riemann sums with $a=0$ and $b=2$. When there are $n$ rectangles, $\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}=\frac{2}{n}$ and $x_i = a+i\Delta x=2i/n$. So we need to evaluate

$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{n\to\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i)\Delta x &=\lim_{n\to\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( (x_i)^3 + x_i\right) \Delta x\\ &=\lim_{n\to\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left( \left(\frac{2i}{n}\right)^3 + \frac{2i}{n}\right) \frac{2}{n} \\ & = \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{2}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left(\frac{8i^3}{n^3} + \frac{2i}{n}\right) \\ &= \lim_{n\to\infty} \left( \frac{16}{n^4} \sum_{i=1}^{n} i^3 + \frac{4}{n^2} \sum_{i=1}^{n} i \right) \\ & = \lim_{n\to\infty} \left( \frac{16(n^4+2n^3+n^2)}{n^4 \cdot 4} + \frac{4(n^2+n)}{n^2 \cdot 2} \right) \\ &= \lim_{n\to\infty} \left( \frac{16}{4}\left(1+\frac{2}{n} + \frac1{n^2} \right) + \frac{4}{2}\left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)\right) \\ & = \frac{16}{4} + \frac{4}{2} = 6. \end{aligned}$$

Using the definition of a right Riemann sum,

$$\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} 3(7+2i)^2\sin(4i) &= \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} \Delta x f(a+i\Delta x) \\ \text{Since $\Delta x = 10$ and $a=-5$,} \\ \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} 3(7+2i)^2\sin(4i) &= \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} 10 f(-5+10i) \\ \text{Dividing both expressions by 10,} \\ \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} \frac{3}{10}(7+2i)^2\sin(4i) &= \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{10} f(-5+10i) \\ \text{So, we have an expression for $f(-5+10i)$:} \\ f(-5+10i) &= \frac{3}{10}(7+2i)^2\sin(4i) \\ \text{In order to find $f(x)$, let $x=-5+10i$. Then $i=\frac{x}{10}+\frac{1}{2}$.} \\ f(x) &= \frac{3}{10}\left(7+2\left(\frac{x}{10}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)^2\sin\left(4\left(\frac{x}{10}+\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\\ &=\frac{3}{10}\left(\frac{x}{5}+8\right)^2\sin\left(\frac{2x}{5}+2\right)\ . \end{aligned}$$

First, we note $y=\sqrt{1-x^2}$ is the upper half of a circle of radius 1, centred at the origin. We're taking the area under the curve from 0 to $a$, so the area in question is as shown in the picture below.

In order to use geometry to find this area, we break it up into two pieces: a sector of a circle, and a triangle, shown below.

• Area of sector: The sector is a portion of a circle with radius 1, with inner angle $\theta$. So, its area is $\frac{\theta}{2\pi}\left(\text{area of circle}\right) = \frac{\theta}{2\pi}\left(\pi\right) = \frac{\theta}{2}$.

Our job now is to find $\theta$ in terms of $a$. Note $\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta$ is the inner angle of the red triangle, which lies in the unit circle. So, $\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta\right)=a$. Then $\frac{\pi}{2}-\theta= \arccos(a)$, and so $\theta = \frac{\pi}{2} - \arccos(a)$.

Then the area of the sector is $\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{1}{2}\arccos(a)$ square units.

• Area of triangle: The triangle has base $a$. Its height is the $y$-value of the function when $x=a$, so its height is $\sqrt{1-a^2}$. Then the area of the triangle is $\frac{1}{2}a\sqrt{1-a^2}$.

We conclude $\displaystyle\int_0^a \sqrt{1-x^2}\ \mathrm{d}x = \frac{\pi}{4} -\frac{1}{2} \arccos(a) + \frac{1}{2}a\sqrt{1-a^2}$.