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1.CLP-2 · 1.9절 · 9번대학 수준우리말 번역
∫2x2+4xx+1dx 의 값을 구하세요.
영어 원문 보기
Evaluate ∫2x2+4xx+1dx.
답 쓰고 채점
부정적분은 끝에 「+ C」 도 붙여요
정답·풀이 보기
제곱근 안의 근의 공식을 보면 삼각치환이 떠오르지만, 좋은 습관을 기르기 위해 먼저 더 쉬운 방법이 있는지 확인해 보자. u=2x2+4x 로 놓으면 du=(4x+4)dx 이므로 41du=(x+1)dx 이다. 이 치환은 (완전제곱식을 만드는 것에서 시작하게 되는) 삼각치환보다 더 쉬워 보인다.
∫2x2+4xx+1dx=41∫u1du=21u+C=212x2+4x+C
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
The quadratic formula underneath the square root makes us think of a trig substitution, but in the interest of developing good habits, let's check for an easier way first. If we let u=2x2+4x, then du=(4x+4)dx, so 41du=(x+1)dx. This substitution looks easier than a trig substitution (which would start with completing the square).
To find sinu, we draw a right triangle with angle u and tanu=4x. We label the opposite side x and the adjacent side 4, and then from Pythagoras we find that the hypotenuse has length x2+16. So, sinu=xx2+16.
As a check, we observe that the derivative of the answer
Substitute x=3secu with 0≤u<2π. Then dx=3secutanudu
and x2−9=9sec2u−9=9tan2u=3tanu, so that
∫x2x2−9dx To evaluate sinu, we make a right triangle with angle u. Since secu=3x=adjhyp, we label the hypotenuse x and the adjacent side 3. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the opposite side has length x2−9. So, sinu=xx2−9 and∫x2x2−9dx=∫9sec2u9tan2u3secutanudu=91∫secudu=91∫cosudu=91sinu+C.=9xx2−9+C.
As a check, we observe that the derivative of the answer
To find tanu, we draw a right triangle with angle u. Since secu=25x, we label the hypotenuse 5x and the adjacent side 2. Then the Pythagorean Theorem gives us the opposite side as length 25x2−4. Then tanu=adjopp=225x2−4.
Alternately, we can notice that in our work, we already showed 2tanu=25x2−4, so tanu=2125x2−4.
As a check, we observe that the derivative of the answer
피적분함수에 제곱근 안의 이차 다항식이 있어서 삼각함수 치환이 떠오른다. 그러나 더 복잡한 방법으로 넘어가기 전에 더 간단한 방법을 찾아보는 것이 좋은 습관이며, 이 경우에는 삼각함수 치환보다 더 간단한 방법이 있다. 바로 u=x2−1, du=2xdx 로 하는 치환이다. 그러면 xdx=21du 이고, x2=u+1 이다. x=10 일 때 u=9 이고, x=17 일 때 u=16 이다.
The integrand has a quadratic polynomial under a square root, which makes us think of trig substitutions. However, it's good practice to look for simpler methods before we jump into more complicated ones, and in this case we find something nicer than a trig substitution: the substitution u=x2−1, du=2xdx. Then xdx=21du, and x2=u+1. When x=10, u=9, and when x=17, u=16.
∫(2x−3)34x2−12x+81dxAs x>2, we have 2x−3>1. We use the substitution 2x−3=secθ with 0≤θ<2π. So 2dx=secθtanθdθ and (2x−3)2−1=sec2θ−1=tan2θ=tanθ.=∫(2x−3)3(2x−3)2−11dx=21∫sec3θsec2θ−11secθtanθdθ=21∫sec3θtanθ1secθtanθdθ=21∫sec2θ1dθ=21∫cos2θdθ=41∫(1+cos(2θ))dθ=41(θ+21sin(2θ))+C=41(θ+sinθcosθ)+C=41(arccos(2x−31)+(2x−3)24x2−12x+8)+C
2x−3=secθ 이므로 cosθ=2x−31 이고 θ=arccos(2x−31) 이다. (이와 같게, θ=arcsec(2x−3) 이다.) sinθ 를 구하기 위해 밑변의 길이가 1이고 빗변의 길이가 2x−3 인 직각삼각형을 그린다. 피타고라스 정리에 의해 θ의 대변(높이)의 길이는 4x2−12x+8 이다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
Completing the square, we see 4x2−12x+8=(2x−3)2−1.
∫(2x−3)34x2−12x+81dxAs x>2, we have 2x−3>1. We use the substitution 2x−3=secθ with 0≤θ<2π. So 2dx=secθtanθdθ and (2x−3)2−1=sec2θ−1=tan2θ=tanθ.=∫(2x−3)3(2x−3)2−11dx=21∫sec3θsec2θ−11secθtanθdθ=21∫sec3θtanθ1secθtanθdθ=21∫sec2θ1dθ=21∫cos2θdθ=41∫(1+cos(2θ))dθ=41(θ+21sin(2θ))+C=41(θ+sinθcosθ)+C=41(arccos(2x−31)+(2x−3)24x2−12x+8)+C
Since 2x−3=secθ, we know cosθ=2x−31 and θ=arccos(2x−31). (Equivalently, θ=arcsec(2x−3).) To find sinθ, we draw a right triangle with adjacent side of length 1, and hypotenuse of length 2x−3. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the opposite side has length 4x2−12x+8.
Since x=tanθ, we can draw a right triangle with angle θ, opposite side x, and adjacent side 1. Then by the Pythagorean Theorem, its hypotenuse has length x2+1, which allows us to find sinθ and cosθ.
피적분함수는 유리함수이므로 부분분수로 분해할 수 있는 후보이다. 뻔한 치환이나 부분적분은 바로 배제할 수 있으므로, 분해를 그대로 진행한다.
먼저 피적분함수, 즉 분수 x+x21=x(1+x)1 을 더 간단한 분수 x1 과 x+11 의 일차결합으로 나타낸다(이 두 분수의 적분은 이미 알고 있다). 그러면
x+x21=x(1+x)1=xa+x+1b=x(1+x)a(x+1)+bx
이다.
좌변의 분수와 우변의 분수가 같을 필요충분조건은 좌변의 분자 1=0x+1 이 우변의 분자 a(x+1)+bx=(a+b)x+a 와 같은 것이다. 이는 다시 a=1 (즉 두 분자의 상수항이 같다)이고 a+b=0 (즉 두 분자에서 x 의 계수가 같다)일 필요충분조건이다. 따라서 a=1, b=−1 이다. 이제 적분을 쉽게 계산할 수 있다.
The integrand is a rational function, so it's a candidate for partial fraction. We quickly rule out any obvious substitution or integration by parts, so we go ahead with the decomposition.
We start by expressing the integrand,
i.e. the fraction x+x21=x(1+x)1, as a linear
combination of the simpler fractions x1 and x+11
(which we already know how to integrate). We will have
x+x21=x(1+x)1=xa+x+1b=x(1+x)a(x+1)+bx
The fraction on the left hand side is the same as the fraction
on the right hand side if and only if the numerator on the left
hand side, which is 1=0x+1, is equal to the numerator on the
right hand side, which is a(x+1)+bx=(a+b)x+a. This in turn
is the case if and only of a=1 (i.e. the constant terms are
the same in the two numerators) and a+b=0 (i.e. the coefficients
of x are the same in the two numerators). So a=1 and b=−1.
Now we can easily evaluate the integral
The integrand is a rational function with no obvious substitution, so we'll use a partial fraction decomposition.
Since the numerator has strictly smaller degree than the denominator, we don't need to start off with a long division.
We do, however, need to factor the denominator. We can immediately pull out x2; the remaining part is x2−2x+1=(x−1)2.
Now we can perform our partial fraction decomposition.
x4−2x3+x2x2+2x−1Multiply both sides by the original denominator.x2+2x−1To be sneaky, we set x=0, and find:−1We also set x=1, and find:2We use B and D to simplify Equation (1).x2+2x−10So,0=x2(x−1)2x2+2x−1=xA+x2B+x−1C+(x−1)2D=Ax(x−1)2+B(x−1)2+Cx2(x−1)+Dx2=B=D=Ax(x−1)2−1(x−1)2+Cx2(x−1)+2x2=Ax(x−1)2+Cx2(x−1)=x(x−1)[(A+C)x−A]=(A+C)x−A(1)
2x3−x2−8x+43x2−4x−10Multiply both sides by the original denominator.3x2−4x−10Distinct linear factors is the best possible scenario for the sneaky method. First, let’s set x=2.3(4)−4(2)−10ANow, let x=−2.3(4)−4(−2)−10BFinally, let x=21.43−2−10C=(x−2)(x+2)(2x−1)3x2−4x−10=x−2A+x+2B+2x−1C=A(x+2)(2x−1)+B(x−2)(2x−1)+C(x−2)(x+2)=A(4)(3)+B(0)+C(0)=−21=A(0)+B(−4)(−5)+C(0)=21=A(0)+B(0)+C(−23)(25)=3
The denominator is zero when x=1, but the numerator is not, so the integrand has a
singularity (infinite discontinuity) at x=1. Let's replace the limit x=1 with a variable that creeps toward 1.
∫01x5−1x4dx=t→1−lim∫0tx5−1x4dx
To evaluate this integral we use the substitution
u=x5, du=5x4dx. When x=0 we have u=0, and when x=t
we have u=t5, so
이 극한이 발산하므로 주어진 적분은 발산한다. (두 번째 적분도 비슷한 방법으로 발산함을 보일 수 있다. 둘 중 하나만 발산해도 원래의 적분이 발산한다고 결론짓기에 충분하다.)
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
The denominator of the integrand is zero when x=−1, but the numerator is not. So, the integrand has a singularity (infinite discontinuity) at x=−1. This is the only “source of impropriety" in this integral, so we only need to make one break in the domain of integration.
Since this limit diverges, the integral diverges. (A similar argument shows
that the second integral diverges. Either one of them diverging is enough to conclude that the
original integral diverges.)
극한이 존재하지 않으므로 이 적분은 발산한다. (여기서는 두 극한이 모두 존재하지 않지만, 둘 중 하나만 존재하지 않더라도 이 적분은 발산한다.)
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
There are two “sources of impropriety": the two (infinite) limits of integration. So, we break our integral into two pieces.
∫−∞∞cosxdxThese are easy enough to antdifferentiate.=∫−∞0cosxdx+∫0∞cosxdx=a→∞lim[∫−a0cosxdx]+b→∞lim[∫0bcosxdx]=a→∞lim[sin0−sin(−a)]+b→∞lim[sinb−sin0]=DNE
Since the limits don't exist, the integral diverges. (It happens that both limits don't exist; even if only one failed to exist, the integral would still diverge.)
First, we note the integral is improper. So, we'll need to replace the top bound with a variable, and take a limit. Second, we're going to have to antidifferentiate. The integrand is the product of an exponential function, e−x, with a polynomial function, x−1, so we use integration by parts with u=x−1, dv=e−xdu, du=dx, and v=−e−x.
We see that we have two functions multiplied, but they don't simplify nicely with each other. However, if we differentiate logarithm, and integrate x2, we'll get a polynomial. So, let's use integration by parts.
u=logxdv=x2dxdu=(1/x)dxv=x3/3
First, let's antidifferentiate. We'll deal with the limits of integration later.
∫x2logxdx We use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2 to evaluate the definite integral.∫12x3logxdx=u(logx)v(x3/3))−∫v(x3/3)du(1/x)dx=31x3logx−31∫x2dx=31x3logx−31⋅31x3+C=31x3logx−91x3+C=[31x3logx−91x3]12=[3123log2−9123]−[3113log1−9113]=38log2−98−0+91=38log2−97
분모의 도함수가 분자에 나타나고 상수배만큼만 다르므로 치환을 한다. 구체적으로
u=x2−3, du=2xdx 로 치환한다.
그러면 다음을 얻는다.
∫x2−3xdx=∫udu/2=21log∣u∣+C=21logx2−3+C
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
The derivative of the denominator shows up in the numerator, only differing by a constant, so we perform a substitution. Specifically,
substitute u=x2−3, du=2xdx.
This gives
(c)
피적분함수는 서로 다른 종류의 두 함수의 곱이며, 뚜렷한 치환이나 간단히 하는 방법이 없다. logx 를 미분하면 피적분함수의 나머지 부분의 다항식 꼴과 더 잘 맞는다.
따라서 u(x)=logx, dv=x3dx 로 놓고 부분적분하면
du=x1dx 이고 v=x4/4 이다.
(a) Although a quadratic under a square root often suggests trigonometric substitution, in this case we have an easier substitution.
Specifically, let y=9+x2. Then dy=2xdx,xdx=2dy,y(0)=9, and y(4)=25.
(b)
The power of cosine is odd, so we can reserve one cosine for the differential and change the rest to sines.
Substituting y=sinx,dy=cosx, dx,y(0)=0,y(π/2)=1,cos2x=1−y2:
(c)
The integrand is the product of two different kinds of functions, with no obvious substitution or simplification. If we differentiate logx, it will match better with the polynomial nature of the rest of the integrand.
So, integrate by parts with u(x)=logx and dv=x3dx, then
du=x1dx and v=x4/4.