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벡터 미적분 전체 문제

이 단원의 모든 연습문제입니다. 소단원으로 좁혀 보려면 아래 꼬리표를 누르세요.

유형·난이도는 우리말 풀이가 붙은 문제는 선생님이 정했고, 나머지는 자동 분류라 다를 수 있어요. 난이도가 정해지지 않은 문제는 난이도로 거를 때 빠집니다.

68문제 · 2 / 4쪽

21.CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 16번대학 수준우리말 번역

CC 를 중심이 (1,0)(1, 0) 인 단위원의 위쪽 반원 (즉, 원에서 xx축 위쪽에 놓인 부분)이라 하고, 시계 방향으로 향하게 하자. 선적분 ∫Cxy dy\int_C xy\,\mathrm{d}y 의 값을 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Let CC be the upper half of the unit circle centred on (1,0)(1, 0) (i.e. that part of the circle which lies above the xx-axis), oriented clockwise. Compute the line integral ∫Cxy dy\int_C xy\,\mathrm{d}y.

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

풀이 1:

주어진 반원 CC 와 F=xy ȷ^\mathbf{F}=xy\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 에 대하여 선적분 ∫CF⋅dr\int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} 의 값을 구하는 문제이다. ∇×F≠0{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\mathbf{F}\ne\mathbf{0} 이므로 벡터장 F\mathbf{F} 는 보존적이지 않다. 따라서 직접 적분한다. 먼저 그림을 이용하여

그림

CC 를 다음과 같이 매개화한다.

r(θ)=(x(θ) , y(θ))=(1−cos⁡θ) ı^+sin⁡θ ȷ^0≤θ≤π\mathbf{r}(\theta) = \big(x(\theta)\,,\,y(\theta)\big) =(1-\cos\theta)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\qquad 0\le\theta\le\pi

그러면 적분은 다음과 같다.

∫Cxy dy=∫0πx(θ) y(θ) y′(θ) dθ=∫0π(1−cos⁡θ) sin⁡θ cos⁡θ dθ\begin{aligned} \int_C xy\,\mathrm{d}y =\int_0^\pi x(\theta)\,y(\theta)\, y'(\theta)\ \mathrm{d}\theta =\int_0^\pi (1-\cos\theta)\,\sin\theta\,\cos\theta \ \mathrm{d}\theta \end{aligned}

u=cos⁡θu=\cos\theta, du=−sin⁡θ dθ\mathrm{d}u =-\sin\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta, u(0)=1u(0)=1, u(π)=−1u(\pi)=-1 로 치환하면

∫Cxy dy=∫1−1(1−u) u (−du)=∫−11(u−u2) du=−2∫01u2 du=−2133=−23\begin{aligned} \int_C xy\,\mathrm{d}y =\int_1^{-1} (1-u)\, u\, (-\mathrm{d}u) =\int_{-1}^1 (u-u^2)\,\mathrm{d}u =-2 \int_0^1 u^2\,\mathrm{d}u =-2 \frac{1^3}{3}=-\frac{2}{3} \end{aligned}

풀이 2:

CC 위에서 xx 를 yy 에 대한 식으로 두 부분으로 나누어 나타낼 수 있다.

  • C1C_1 을 yy 가 0에서 1까지 변할 때의 사분원 x=1−1−y2x=1-\sqrt{1-y^2} 이라 하고,
  • C2C_2 를 yy 가 1에서 0까지 변할 때의 사분원 x=1+1−y2x=1+\sqrt{1-y^2} 이라 하자.

그러면 다음과 같다.

∫Cxydy=∫C1xydy+∫c2xydy=∫01(1−1−y2)y dy+∫10(1+1−y2)y dy=∫01y dy−∫01y1−y2 dy+∫10y dy+∫10y1−y2 dy=−2∫01y1−y2 dy치환 u=1−y2, du=−2y dy 를 이용하면:=∫10u1/2du=−23\begin{aligned} \int_C xy\mathrm{d}y &=\int_{C_1} xy\mathrm{d}y+\int_{c_2}xy\mathrm{d}y\\ &=\int_0^1\left(1-\sqrt{1-y^2}\right)y\,\mathrm{d}y+\int_1^0\left(1+\sqrt{1-y^2}\right)y\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &=\int_0^1 y\,\mathrm{d}y-\int_0^1y\sqrt{1-y^2}\,\mathrm{d}y+\int_1^0y\,\mathrm{d}y+\int_1^0 y\sqrt{1-y^2}\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &=-2\int_0^1 y\sqrt{1-y^2}\,\mathrm{d}y \\ \text{치환 $u=1-y^2$, $\mathrm{d}u=-2y\,\mathrm{d}y$ 를 이용하면:} \\ &=\int_1^0u^{1/2}\mathrm{d}u=-\frac23 \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Solution 1:

We are being asked to evaluate the line integral ∫CF⋅dr\int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} with CC being the specified semi-circle and F=xy ȷ^\mathbf{F}=xy\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}. As ∇×F≠0{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\mathbf{F}\ne\mathbf{0}, the vector field F\mathbf{F} is not conservative. So we'll evaluate the integral directly. First, using the figure,

figure

we parametrize CC by

r(θ)=(x(θ) , y(θ))=(1−cos⁡θ) ı^+sin⁡θ ȷ^0≤θ≤π\mathbf{r}(\theta) = \big(x(\theta)\,,\,y(\theta)\big) =(1-\cos\theta)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\qquad 0\le\theta\le\pi

So the integral is

∫Cxy dy=∫0πx(θ) y(θ) y′(θ) dθ=∫0π(1−cos⁡θ) sin⁡θ cos⁡θ dθ\begin{aligned} \int_C xy\,\mathrm{d}y =\int_0^\pi x(\theta)\,y(\theta)\, y'(\theta)\ \mathrm{d}\theta =\int_0^\pi (1-\cos\theta)\,\sin\theta\,\cos\theta \ \mathrm{d}\theta \end{aligned}

Making the substitution u=cos⁡θu=\cos\theta, du=−sin⁡θ dθ\mathrm{d}u =-\sin\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta, u(0)=1u(0)=1, u(π)=−1u(\pi)=-1,

∫Cxy dy=∫1−1(1−u) u (−du)=∫−11(u−u2) du=−2∫01u2 du=−2133=−23\begin{aligned} \int_C xy\,\mathrm{d}y =\int_1^{-1} (1-u)\, u\, (-\mathrm{d}u) =\int_{-1}^1 (u-u^2)\,\mathrm{d}u =-2 \int_0^1 u^2\,\mathrm{d}u =-2 \frac{1^3}{3}=-\frac{2}{3} \end{aligned}

Solution 2:

We can write xx in terms of yy over CC in two pieces:

  • Let C1C_1 be the quarter-circle x=1−1−y2x=1-\sqrt{1-y^2} as yy goes from 0 to 1, and
  • Let C2C_2 be the quarter-circle x=1+1−y2x=1+\sqrt{1-y^2} as yy goes from 1 to 0.

Then:

∫Cxydy=∫C1xydy+∫c2xydy=∫01(1−1−y2)y dy+∫10(1+1−y2)y dy=∫01y dy−∫01y1−y2 dy+∫10y dy+∫10y1−y2 dy=−2∫01y1−y2 dyUsing the substitution u=1−y2, du=−2y dy:=∫10u1/2du=−23\begin{aligned} \int_C xy\mathrm{d}y &=\int_{C_1} xy\mathrm{d}y+\int_{c_2}xy\mathrm{d}y\\ &=\int_0^1\left(1-\sqrt{1-y^2}\right)y\,\mathrm{d}y+\int_1^0\left(1+\sqrt{1-y^2}\right)y\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &=\int_0^1 y\,\mathrm{d}y-\int_0^1y\sqrt{1-y^2}\,\mathrm{d}y+\int_1^0y\,\mathrm{d}y+\int_1^0 y\sqrt{1-y^2}\,\mathrm{d}y\\ &=-2\int_0^1 y\sqrt{1-y^2}\,\mathrm{d}y \\ \text{Using the substitution $u=1-y^2$, $\mathrm{d}u=-2y\,\mathrm{d}y$:} \\ &=\int_1^0u^{1/2}\mathrm{d}u=-\frac23 \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 17번
# 선적분계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
22.CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 17번대학 수준우리말 번역

다음 선적분이 경로에 무관함을 보이고, 그 적분의 값을 구하세요.

∫C(yex+sin⁡y) dx+(ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y) dy\begin{aligned} \int_C (ye^x + \sin y)\,\mathrm{d}x + (e^x + \sin y + x \cos y)\,\mathrm{d}y \end{aligned}

여기서 CC 는 (1,0)(1, 0) 에서 (0,π/2)(0, \pi/2) 까지의 임의의 경로이다.

영어 원문 보기

Show that the following line integral is independent of path and evaluate the integral.

∫C(yex+sin⁡y) dx+(ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y) dy\begin{aligned} \int_C (ye^x + \sin y)\,\mathrm{d}x + (e^x + \sin y + x \cos y)\,\mathrm{d}y \end{aligned}

where CC is any path from (1,0)(1, 0) to (0,π/2)(0, \pi/2).

정답·풀이 보기

이 선적분은 ∫CF⋅dr\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} 이고 F=(yex+sin⁡y) ı^+(ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y) ȷ^\mathbf{F} = (ye^x + \sin y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (e^x + \sin y + x \cos y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} 이다. 이 적분이 경로에 무관함을 보여야 한다. 이는 F\mathbf{F} 가 보존장인 것과 필요충분조건이다. 그러므로 F\mathbf{F} 의 퍼텐셜 φ\varphi 를 찾아보자. 즉, 다음을 만족하는 함수 φ\varphi 를 찾아보자.

∂φ∂x(x,y)=yex+sin⁡y∂φ∂y(x,y)=ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial x}(x,y) &= ye^x + \sin y \\ \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial y}(x,y) &= e^x + \sin y + x \cos y \end{aligned}

이 중 첫째 식을 적분하면 다음을 얻는다.

φ(x,y)=yex+xsin⁡y+f(y)\varphi(x,y) = ye^x + x\sin y + f(y)

이것을 둘째 식에 대입하면 다음을 얻는다.

ex+xcos⁡y+f′(y)=ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y또는f′(y)=sin⁡ye^x + x\cos y + f'(y) = e^x + \sin y + x \cos y\qquad\text{또는}\quad f'(y) = \sin y

이를 적분하면 다음과 같다.

f(y)=−cos⁡y+Cf(y) = -\cos y + C

따라서 F\mathbf{F} 는 실제로 보존장이며, 퍼텐셜 중 하나는 φ(x,y)=yex+xsin⁡y−cos⁡y\varphi(x,y) = ye^x + x\sin y -\cos y 이고 선적분은 다음과 같다.

∫C(yex+sin⁡y) dx+(ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y) dy=∫CF⋅dr=φ(x,y)∣(1,0)(0,π/2)=[yex+xsin⁡y−cos⁡y](1,0)(0,π/2)=1+π2\begin{aligned} \int_C (ye^x + \sin y)\,\mathrm{d}x + (e^x + \sin y + x \cos y)\,\mathrm{d}y &=\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =\varphi(x,y)\Big|^{(0,\pi/2)}_{(1,0)} \\ &=\Big[ye^x + x\sin y -\cos y\Big]^{(0,\pi/2)}_{(1,0)} \\ &=1+\frac{\pi}{2} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

The line integral is ∫CF⋅dr\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} with F=(yex+sin⁡y) ı^+(ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y) ȷ^\mathbf{F} = (ye^x + \sin y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (e^x + \sin y + x \cos y)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}. We are to show that it is independent of path. That is the case if and only if F\mathbf{F} is conservative. So let's look for a potential φ\varphi for F\mathbf{F}. That is, let's look for a function φ\varphi that obeys

∂φ∂x(x,y)=yex+sin⁡y∂φ∂y(x,y)=ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial x}(x,y) &= ye^x + \sin y \\ \frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial y}(x,y) &= e^x + \sin y + x \cos y \end{aligned}

Integrating the first of these equations gives

φ(x,y)=yex+xsin⁡y+f(y)\varphi(x,y) = ye^x + x\sin y + f(y)

Substituting this into the second equation gives

ex+xcos⁡y+f′(y)=ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡yorf′(y)=sin⁡ye^x + x\cos y + f'(y) = e^x + \sin y + x \cos y\qquad\text{or}\quad f'(y) = \sin y

which integrates to

f(y)=−cos⁡y+Cf(y) = -\cos y + C

So F\mathbf{F} is indeed conservative with one potential being φ(x,y)=yex+xsin⁡y−cos⁡y\varphi(x,y) = ye^x + x\sin y -\cos y and the line integral is

∫C(yex+sin⁡y) dx+(ex+sin⁡y+xcos⁡y) dy=∫CF⋅dr=φ(x,y)∣(1,0)(0,π/2)=[yex+xsin⁡y−cos⁡y](1,0)(0,π/2)=1+π2\begin{aligned} \int_C (ye^x + \sin y)\,\mathrm{d}x + (e^x + \sin y + x \cos y)\,\mathrm{d}y &=\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =\varphi(x,y)\Big|^{(0,\pi/2)}_{(1,0)} \\ &=\Big[ye^x + x\sin y -\cos y\Big]^{(0,\pi/2)}_{(1,0)} \\ &=1+\frac{\pi}{2} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기OpenStax 3권 · 6장 복습 · 17번
# 선적분증명·논술보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
23.CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 18번대학 수준우리말 번역

적분

∫Cxy dx+yz dy+zx dz\begin{aligned} \int_C xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z \end{aligned}

의 값을 구하세요. 단, CC 는 꼭짓점이 (1,0,0)(1, 0, 0), (0,1,0)(0, 1, 0), (0,0,1)(0, 0, 1) 인 삼각형의 둘레이고, 점 (1,1,1)(1, 1, 1) 에서 볼 때 시계 방향으로 향하는 곡선이다.

영어 원문 보기

Evaluate the integral

∫Cxy dx+yz dy+zx dz\begin{aligned} \int_C xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z \end{aligned}

around the triangle with vertices (1,0,0)(1, 0, 0), (0,1,0)(0, 1, 0), and (0,0,1)(0, 0, 1), oriented clockwise as seen from the point (1,1,1)(1, 1, 1).

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

다음은 CC 의 개략적인 그림이다.

그림

다음에 주목한다.

  • (1,0,0)(1, 0, 0) 에서 (0,0,1)(0,0,1) 까지의 선분 위에서 y=0y=0 이므로 적분은 그 선분 위에서 ∫zx dz\int zx \,\mathrm{d}z 로 간단해진다.
  • (0,0,1)(0,0,1) 에서 (0,1,0)(0, 1, 0) 까지의 선분 위에서 x=0x=0 이므로 적분은 그 선분 위에서 ∫yz dy\int yz \,\mathrm{d}y 로 간단해진다.
  • (0,1,0)(0, 1, 0) 에서 (1,0,0)(1, 0, 0) 까지의 선분 위에서 z=0z=0 이므로 적분은 그 선분 위에서 ∫xy dx\int xy \,\mathrm{d}x 로 간단해진다.

따라서 적분을 직접 계산할 수 있어 보인다. 위의 그림과 같이 삼각형의 변을 C1C_1, C2C_2, C3C_3 이라 하자.

  • C1C_1 을 r(t)=(1,0,0)+t[(0,0,1)−(1,0,0)]=(1−t , 0 , t)\mathbf{r}(t) = (1,0,0) + t[(0,0,1)-(1,0,0)] = (1-t\,,\,0\,,\,t), 0≤t≤10\le t\le 1 로 매개화한다. 그러므로

∫C1xy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∫C1zx dz=∫01(1−t)⏞x(t)⏞z(1)⏞z′(t) dt=∫01(t−t2) dt=12−13=16\begin{aligned} \int_{C_1} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &= \int_{C_1} zx \,\mathrm{d}z =\int_0^1 \overbrace{(1-t)}^{x} \overbrace{(t)}^{z} \overbrace{(1)}^{z'(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1 (t-t^2)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3} =\frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}

  • C2C_2 를 r(t)=(0,0,1)+t[(0,1,0)−(0,0,1)]=(0 , t , 1−t)\mathbf{r}(t) = (0,0,1) + t[(0,1,0)-(0,0,1)] = (0\,,\,t\,,\,1-t), 0≤t≤10\le t\le 1 로 매개화한다. 그러므로

∫C2xy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∫C2yz dy=∫01(t)⏞y(1−t)⏞z(1)⏞y′(t) dt=∫01(t−t2) dt=12−13=16\begin{aligned} \int_{C_2} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &= \int_{C_2} yz \,\mathrm{d}y =\int_0^1 \overbrace{(t)}^{y} \overbrace{(1-t)}^{z} \overbrace{(1)}^{y'(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1 (t-t^2)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3} =\frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}

  • C3C_3 을 r(t)=(0,1,0)+t[(1,0,0)−(0,1,0)]=(t , 1−t , 0)\mathbf{r}(t) = (0,1,0) + t[(1,0,0)-(0,1,0)] = (t\,,\,1-t\,,\,0), 0≤t≤10\le t\le 1 로 매개화한다. 그러므로

∫C3xy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∫C3xy dx=∫01(t)⏞x(1−t)⏞y(1)⏞x′(t) dt=∫01(t−t2) dt=12−13=16\begin{aligned} \int_{C_3} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &= \int_{C_3} xy \,\mathrm{d}x =\int_0^1 \overbrace{(t)}^{x} \overbrace{(1-t)}^{y} \overbrace{(1)}^{x'(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1 (t-t^2)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3} =\frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}

모두 합하면

∫Cxy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∑ℓ=13∫Cℓxy dx+yz dy+zx dz=3×16=12\begin{aligned} \int_{C} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &=\sum_{\ell=1}^3\int_{C_\ell} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z =3\times\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{2} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Here is a sketch of CC.

figure

Note that

  • y=0y=0 on the line segment from (1,0,0)(1, 0, 0) to (0,0,1)(0,0,1) so that the integral reduces to ∫zx dz\int zx \,\mathrm{d}z on that line segment and
  • x=0x=0 on the line segment from (0,0,1)(0,0,1) to (0,1,0)(0, 1, 0) so that the integral reduces to ∫yz dy\int yz \,\mathrm{d}y on that line segment and
  • z=0z=0 on the line segment from (0,1,0)(0, 1, 0) to (1,0,0)(1, 0, 0) so that the integral reduces to ∫xy dx\int xy \,\mathrm{d}x on that line segment.

So it looks feasible to evaluate the integral directly. Label the sides of the triangle C1C_1, C2C_2 and C3C_3 as in the sketch above.

  • We parametrize C1C_1 by r(t)=(1,0,0)+t[(0,0,1)−(1,0,0)]=(1−t , 0 , t)\mathbf{r}(t) = (1,0,0) + t[(0,0,1)-(1,0,0)] = (1-t\,,\,0\,,\,t), 0≤t≤10\le t\le 1. So

∫C1xy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∫C1zx dz=∫01(1−t)⏞x(t)⏞z(1)⏞z′(t) dt=∫01(t−t2) dt=12−13=16\begin{aligned} \int_{C_1} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &= \int_{C_1} zx \,\mathrm{d}z =\int_0^1 \overbrace{(1-t)}^{x} \overbrace{(t)}^{z} \overbrace{(1)}^{z'(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1 (t-t^2)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3} =\frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}

  • We parametrize C2C_2 by r(t)=(0,0,1)+t[(0,1,0)−(0,0,1)]=(0 , t , 1−t)\mathbf{r}(t) = (0,0,1) + t[(0,1,0)-(0,0,1)] = (0\,,\,t\,,\,1-t), 0≤t≤10\le t\le 1. So

∫C2xy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∫C2yz dy=∫01(t)⏞y(1−t)⏞z(1)⏞y′(t) dt=∫01(t−t2) dt=12−13=16\begin{aligned} \int_{C_2} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &= \int_{C_2} yz \,\mathrm{d}y =\int_0^1 \overbrace{(t)}^{y} \overbrace{(1-t)}^{z} \overbrace{(1)}^{y'(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1 (t-t^2)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3} =\frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}

  • We parametrize C3C_3 by r(t)=(0,1,0)+t[(1,0,0)−(0,1,0)]=(t , 1−t , 0)\mathbf{r}(t) = (0,1,0) + t[(1,0,0)-(0,1,0)] = (t\,,\,1-t\,,\,0), 0≤t≤10\le t\le 1. So

∫C3xy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∫C3xy dx=∫01(t)⏞x(1−t)⏞y(1)⏞x′(t) dt=∫01(t−t2) dt=12−13=16\begin{aligned} \int_{C_3} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &= \int_{C_3} xy \,\mathrm{d}x =\int_0^1 \overbrace{(t)}^{x} \overbrace{(1-t)}^{y} \overbrace{(1)}^{x'(t)}\,\mathrm{d}t =\int_0^1 (t-t^2)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{1}{3} =\frac{1}{6} \end{aligned}

All together

∫Cxy dx+yz dy+zx dz=∑ℓ=13∫Cℓxy dx+yz dy+zx dz=3×16=12\begin{aligned} \int_{C} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z &=\sum_{\ell=1}^3\int_{C_\ell} xy \,\mathrm{d}x + yz \,\mathrm{d}y + zx \,\mathrm{d}z =3\times\frac{1}{6}=\frac{1}{2} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 19번
# 선적분계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
24.CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 19번대학 수준우리말 번역

선적분 ∫CF⋅dr\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} 의 값을 구하세요. 여기서 F\mathbf{F} 는 보존 벡터장

F(x,y,z)=(y+zex,x+eysin⁡z,z+ex+eycos⁡z)\mathbf{F} (x, y, z) = \big(y + ze^x , x + e^y \sin z, z + e^x + e^y \cos z\big)

이고 CC 는 다음 매개변수 표현으로 주어진 곡선이다.

r(t)=(t,et,sin⁡t),t 는 0 에서 π 까지.\mathbf{r}(t) = (t, e^t , \sin t),\qquad \text{$t$ 는 $0$ 에서 $\pi$ 까지} .

영어 원문 보기

Evaluate the line integral ∫CF⋅dr\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}, where F\mathbf{F} is the conservative vector field

F(x,y,z)=(y+zex,x+eysin⁡z,z+ex+eycos⁡z)\mathbf{F} (x, y, z) = \big(y + ze^x , x + e^y \sin z, z + e^x + e^y \cos z\big)

and CC is the curve given by the parametrization

r(t)=(t,et,sin⁡t),t from 0 to π.\mathbf{r}(t) = (t, e^t , \sin t),\qquad \text{$t$ from $0$ to $\pi$} .

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

F\mathbf{F} 가 보존적이라고 주어져 있다. ∇φ=F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\varphi = \mathbf{F} 를 만족하는 퍼텐셜 φ\varphi 를 찾자. 즉,

∂φ∂x=y+zex∂φ∂y=x+eysin⁡z∂φ∂z=z+ex+eycos⁡z\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial x} &= y + ze^x \\ \frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial y} &= x + e^y \sin z \\ \frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial z} &= z + e^x + e^y \cos z \end{aligned}

첫째 식으로부터 φ(x,y,z)=xy+zex+ψ(y,z)\varphi(x,y,z) = xy +ze^x +\psi(y,z) 이다. 이를 둘째 식에 대입하면 x+∂ψ∂y(y,z)=x+eysin⁡zx+\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial y}(y,z) = x + e^y \sin z 즉 ∂ψ∂y(y,z)=eysin⁡z\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial y}(y,z) = e^y \sin z 이므로 ψ(y,z)=eysin⁡z+ζ(z)\psi(y,z) = e^y\sin z +\zeta(z) 이다. 따라서 지금까지 φ(x,y,z)=xy+zex+eysin⁡z+ζ(z)\varphi(x,y,z) = xy +ze^x +e^y\sin z +\zeta(z) 를 얻었다. 이를 셋째 식에 대입하면 ex+eycos⁡z+ζ′(z)=z+ex+eycos⁡ze^x +e^y\cos z +\zeta'(z) = z + e^x + e^y \cos z 즉 ζ′(z)=z\zeta'(z) = z 이므로 어떤 상수 CC 에 대해 ζ(z)=z22+C\zeta(z) = \frac{z^2}{2}+C 이고, 여기서 CC 는 0으로 택한다. 따라서 퍼텐셜은

φ(x,y,z)=xy+zex+eysin⁡z+z22\varphi(x,y,z) = xy +ze^x +e^y\sin z +\frac{z^2}{2}

이다. 그러므로 선적분은

∫CF⋅dr=φ(r(π))−φ(r(0))=φ(π,eπ,0)−φ(0,1,0)=πeπ\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =\varphi\big(\mathbf{r}(\pi)\big) -\varphi\big(\mathbf{r}(0)\big) =\varphi\big(\pi,e^\pi,0\big) -\varphi\big(0,1,0\big) =\pi e^\pi

이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

We are told that F\mathbf{F} is conservative. Let's find a potential φ\varphi obeying ∇φ=F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\varphi = \mathbf{F}. That is,

∂φ∂x=y+zex∂φ∂y=x+eysin⁡z∂φ∂z=z+ex+eycos⁡z\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial x} &= y + ze^x \\ \frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial y} &= x + e^y \sin z \\ \frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial z} &= z + e^x + e^y \cos z \end{aligned}

The first equation forces φ(x,y,z)=xy+zex+ψ(y,z)\varphi(x,y,z) = xy +ze^x +\psi(y,z). Substituting this into the second equation gives x+∂ψ∂y(y,z)=x+eysin⁡zx+\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial y}(y,z) = x + e^y \sin z or ∂ψ∂y(y,z)=eysin⁡z\frac{\partial\psi}{\partial y}(y,z) = e^y \sin z which forces ψ(y,z)=eysin⁡z+ζ(z)\psi(y,z) = e^y\sin z +\zeta(z). So far, we have φ(x,y,z)=xy+zex+eysin⁡z+ζ(z)\varphi(x,y,z) = xy +ze^x +e^y\sin z +\zeta(z). Substituting this into the third equation gives ex+eycos⁡z+ζ′(z)=z+ex+eycos⁡ze^x +e^y\cos z +\zeta'(z) = z + e^x + e^y \cos z or ζ′(z)=z\zeta'(z) = z which forces ζ(z)=z22+C\zeta(z) = \frac{z^2}{2}+C, for some constant CC, which we take to be zero. So our potential is

φ(x,y,z)=xy+zex+eysin⁡z+z22\varphi(x,y,z) = xy +ze^x +e^y\sin z +\frac{z^2}{2}

So the line integral

∫CF⋅dr=φ(r(π))−φ(r(0))=φ(π,eπ,0)−φ(0,1,0)=πeπ\int_C \mathbf{F}\cdot \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =\varphi\big(\mathbf{r}(\pi)\big) -\varphi\big(\mathbf{r}(0)\big) =\varphi\big(\pi,e^\pi,0\big) -\varphi\big(0,1,0\big) =\pi e^\pi

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 10번
# 선적분계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
25.CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 23번대학 수준우리말 번역

한 물리학자가 벡터장 F\mathbf{F} 를 연구하고 있다. 실험으로부터 F\mathbf{F} 는 다음 꼴임이 알려져 있다.

F=(x−a)yex ı^+(xex+z3) ȷ^+byz2 k^\mathbf{F} = (x - a)ye^x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (xe^x + z^3 )\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + byz^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

여기서 aa 와 bb 는 어떤 실수이다. 이론적 고찰로부터 F\mathbf{F} 가 보존적임이 알려져 있다.

(a) aa 와 bb 를 구하세요. (b) ∇f=F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } f = \mathbf{F} 를 만족시키는 퍼텐셜 f(x,y,z)f(x,y,z) 를 구하세요. (c) CC 가 다음과 같이 정의된 곡선일 때, 선적분 ∫CF⋅dr\int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} 의 값을 구하세요.

r(t)=(t , cos⁡2t , cos⁡t),0≤t≤π\mathbf{r}(t) = \big(t\,,\, \cos 2t\,,\, \cos t\big), \qquad 0 \le t \le \pi (d) 다음 선적분의 값을 구하세요.

I=∫C(x+1)yex dx+(xex+z3) dy+4yz2 dz,I = \int_C (x + 1)ye^x \,\mathrm{d}x + (xe^x + z^3 ) \,\mathrm{d}y + 4yz^2 \,\mathrm{d}z,

여기서 CC 는 (c)와 같은 곡선이다. [참고: 마지막 항의 "4"는 오타가 아니다!]

영어 원문 보기

A physicist studies a vector field F\mathbf{F}. From experiments, it is known that F\mathbf{F} is of the form

F=(x−a)yex ı^+(xex+z3) ȷ^+byz2 k^\mathbf{F} = (x - a)ye^x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (xe^x + z^3 )\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + byz^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

where aa and bb are some real numbers. From theoretical considerations, it is known that F\mathbf{F} is conservative.

(a) Determine aa and bb. (b) Find a potential f(x,y,z)f(x,y,z) such that ∇f=F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } f = \mathbf{F}. (c) Evaluate the line intgeral ∫CF⋅dr\int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} where CC is the curve defined by

r(t)=(t , cos⁡2t , cos⁡t),0≤t≤π\mathbf{r}(t) = \big(t\,,\, \cos 2t\,,\, \cos t\big), \qquad 0 \le t \le \pi (d) Evaluate the line integral

I=∫C(x+1)yex dx+(xex+z3) dy+4yz2 dz,I = \int_C (x + 1)ye^x \,\mathrm{d}x + (xe^x + z^3 ) \,\mathrm{d}y + 4yz^2 \,\mathrm{d}z,

where CC is the same curve as in part (c). [Note: the “4” in the last term is not a misprint!].

정답·풀이 보기

(a) F\mathbf{F} 가 보존적이려면 다음 판정 조건을 만족해야 한다.

0=∇×F=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂z(x−a)yexxex+z3byz2]=(bz2−3z2) ı^−(0−0) ȷ^+(ex+xex−(x−a)ex) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{0} = { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\mathbf{F} &=\det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} &\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} &\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\ (x - a)ye^x & xe^x + z^3 & byz^2 \end{matrix} \right] \\ &= \big(bz^2-3z^2)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -\big(0-0\big)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\big(e^x+xe^x-(x-a)e^x\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이것이 성립하기 위한 필요충분조건은 b=3b=3 이고 a=−1a=-1 인 것이다.

(b) a=−1a=-1, b=3b=3 으로 놓는다. ff 가 F\mathbf{F} 의 퍼텐셜이려면 다음을 만족해야 한다.

∂f∂x(x,y,z)=(x+1)yex∂f∂y(x,y,z)=xex+z3∂f∂z(x,y,z)=3yz2\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(x,y,z) &= (x + 1)ye^x \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(x,y,z) &= xe^x + z^3 \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}(x,y,z) &= 3yz^2 \end{aligned}

이 중 두 번째 식을 적분하면 다음을 얻는다.

f(x,y,z)=xyex+yz3+g(x,z)f(x,y,z) = xye^x + yz^3 +g(x,z)

이것을 마지막 식에 대입하면 다음과 같다.

3yz2+∂g∂z(x,z)=3yz2또는∂g∂z(x,z)=03yz^2+\frac{\partial g}{\partial z}(x,z) = 3yz^2\qquad\text{또는}\qquad \frac{\partial g}{\partial z}(x,z)=0

따라서 다음이 성립한다.

g(x,z)=h(x)g(x,z) = h(x)

마지막으로 f(x,y,z)=xyex+yz3+h(x)f(x,y,z) = xye^x + yz^3 + h(x) 를 첫 번째 식에 대입하면 다음과 같다.

xyex+yex+h′(x)=(x+1)yex또는h′(x)=0xye^x + ye^x + h'(x) =(x + 1)ye^x \quad\text{또는}\quad h'(x) = 0

따라서 h(x)=Ch(x) = C 이고, f(x,y,z)=xyex+yz3+Cf(x,y,z) = xye^x + yz^3 + C 는 임의의 상수 CC 에 대해 퍼텐셜이 된다.

(c) F=∇f\mathbf{F}={ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } f 이므로

∫CF⋅dr=∫C∇f⋅dr=f(r(π))−f((r(0))=f(π,1,−1)−f(0,1,1)=[πeπ−1]−[1]=πeπ−2\begin{aligned} \int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} &=\int_C{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } f\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =f\big(\mathbf{r}(\pi)) - f(\big(\mathbf{r}(0)\big) =f(\pi,1,-1)-f(0,1,1) \\ &=\big[\pi e^\pi -1 \big]-\big[ 1\big] =\pi e^\pi-2 \end{aligned}

이다.

(d) 다음이 성립하므로

∫CF⋅dr=∫C(x+1)yex dx+(xex+z3) dy+3yz2 dz\int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =\int_C (x + 1)ye^x \,\mathrm{d}x + (xe^x + z^3 ) \,\mathrm{d}y + 3yz^2 \,\mathrm{d}z

다음을 얻는다.

I=∫CF⋅dr+∫Cyz2dz=πeπ−2+∫0π(cos⁡2t)⏞ycos⁡2t⏞z2(−sin⁡t) dt⏞dz=πeπ−2+∫0π(2cos⁡2t−1)cos⁡2t(−sin⁡t) dt=πeπ−2+∫1−1(2u2−1)u2 du여기서 u=cos⁡t, du=−sin⁡t dt=πeπ−2+[2u55−u33]1−1=πeπ−2+[−45+23]=πeπ−3215\begin{aligned} I &= \int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} + \int_C yz^2\mathrm{d}z \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\int_0^\pi \overbrace{(\cos 2t)}^{y} \overbrace{\cos^2 t}^{z^2} \overbrace{(-\sin t)\,\mathrm{d}t}^{\mathrm{d}z} \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\int_0^\pi (2\cos^2t-1) \cos^2 t (-\sin t)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\int_1^{-1} (2u^2-1)u^2\,\mathrm{d}u \qquad\text{여기서 } u=\cos t,\ \mathrm{d}u=-\sin t\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\Big[\frac{2u^5}{5} -\frac{u^3}{3}\Big]_{1}^{-1}\\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\Big[-\frac{4}{5} +\frac{2}{3}\Big] \\ &= \pi e^\pi -\frac{32}{15} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) For F\mathbf{F} to be conservative, it must pass the screening test

0=∇×F=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂z(x−a)yexxex+z3byz2]=(bz2−3z2) ı^−(0−0) ȷ^+(ex+xex−(x−a)ex) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{0} = { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\mathbf{F} &=\det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} &\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} &\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\ (x - a)ye^x & xe^x + z^3 & byz^2 \end{matrix} \right] \\ &= \big(bz^2-3z^2)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -\big(0-0\big)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\big(e^x+xe^x-(x-a)e^x\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

This is the case if and only if b=3b=3 and a=−1a=-1

(b) Set a=−1a=-1 and b=3b=3. For ff to be a potential for F\mathbf{F}, it must obey

∂f∂x(x,y,z)=(x+1)yex∂f∂y(x,y,z)=xex+z3∂f∂z(x,y,z)=3yz2\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(x,y,z) &= (x + 1)ye^x \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}(x,y,z) &= xe^x + z^3 \\ \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}(x,y,z) &= 3yz^2 \end{aligned}

Integrating the second of these equations gives

f(x,y,z)=xyex+yz3+g(x,z)f(x,y,z) = xye^x + yz^3 +g(x,z)

Substituting this into the last equation gives

3yz2+∂g∂z(x,z)=3yz2or∂g∂z(x,z)=03yz^2+\frac{\partial g}{\partial z}(x,z) = 3yz^2\qquad\text{or}\qquad \frac{\partial g}{\partial z}(x,z)=0

which forces

g(x,z)=h(x)g(x,z) = h(x)

Finally, substituting f(x,y,z)=xyex+yz3+h(x)f(x,y,z) = xye^x + yz^3 + h(x) into the first equation gives

xyex+yex+h′(x)=(x+1)yexorh′(x)=0xye^x + ye^x + h'(x) =(x + 1)ye^x \quad\text{or}\quad h'(x) = 0

So h(x)=Ch(x) = C and hence f(x,y,z)=xyex+yz3+Cf(x,y,z) = xye^x + yz^3 + C works for any constant CC.

(c) Since F=∇f\mathbf{F}={ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } f,

∫CF⋅dr=∫C∇f⋅dr=f(r(π))−f((r(0))=f(π,1,−1)−f(0,1,1)=[πeπ−1]−[1]=πeπ−2\begin{aligned} \int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} &=\int_C{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } f\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =f\big(\mathbf{r}(\pi)) - f(\big(\mathbf{r}(0)\big) =f(\pi,1,-1)-f(0,1,1) \\ &=\big[\pi e^\pi -1 \big]-\big[ 1\big] =\pi e^\pi-2 \end{aligned}

(d) Since

∫CF⋅dr=∫C(x+1)yex dx+(xex+z3) dy+3yz2 dz\int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} =\int_C (x + 1)ye^x \,\mathrm{d}x + (xe^x + z^3 ) \,\mathrm{d}y + 3yz^2 \,\mathrm{d}z

we have

I=∫CF⋅dr+∫Cyz2dz=πeπ−2+∫0π(cos⁡2t)⏞ycos⁡2t⏞z2(−sin⁡t) dt⏞dz=πeπ−2+∫0π(2cos⁡2t−1)cos⁡2t(−sin⁡t) dt=πeπ−2+∫1−1(2u2−1)u2 duwith u=cos⁡t, du=−sin⁡t dt=πeπ−2+[2u55−u33]1−1=πeπ−2+[−45+23]=πeπ−3215\begin{aligned} I &= \int_C\mathbf{F}\cdot\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} + \int_C yz^2\mathrm{d}z \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\int_0^\pi \overbrace{(\cos 2t)}^{y} \overbrace{\cos^2 t}^{z^2} \overbrace{(-\sin t)\,\mathrm{d}t}^{\mathrm{d}z} \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\int_0^\pi (2\cos^2t-1) \cos^2 t (-\sin t)\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\int_1^{-1} (2u^2-1)u^2\,\mathrm{d}u \qquad\text{with } u=\cos t,\ \mathrm{d}u=-\sin t\,\mathrm{d}t \\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\Big[\frac{2u^5}{5} -\frac{u^3}{3}\Big]_{1}^{-1}\\ &= \pi e^\pi-2 +\Big[-\frac{4}{5} +\frac{2}{3}\Big] \\ &= \pi e^\pi -\frac{32}{15} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 2.4절 · 9번
# 선적분계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
26.CLP-4 · 3.1절 · 3번대학 수준우리말 번역

SS 를 쌍곡면 x2+y2−2z2=1x^2 + y^2 - 2z^2 = 1 의 일부로서 원기둥 x2+y2=9x^2 + y^2 = 9 의 내부에 있고 평면 z=1z = 1 의 위쪽에 있는 부분이라고 하자 (즉, z≥1z \ge 1 인 부분).

다음 중 SS 의 매개변수화인 것을 모두 고르세요.

(a) 벡터함수

r(u,v)=u ı^+v ȷ^+u2+v2−12 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\frac{\sqrt{u^2+v^2-1}}{\sqrt{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이고 정의역은 D={ (u,v) ∣ 2≤u2+v2≤9 }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 2 \le u^2+v^2 \le 9\ \big\} 이다. (b) 벡터함수

r(u,v)=usin⁡v ı^−ucos⁡v ȷ^+u22−12 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = u\sin v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - u\cos v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이고 정의역은 D={ (u,v) ∣ 3≤u≤3, 0≤v≤2π }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ \sqrt{3} \le u\le 3,\ 0\le v\le 2\pi\ \big\} 이다. (c) 벡터함수

r(u,v)=1+2v2cos⁡u ı^+1+2v2sin⁡u ȷ^+v k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = \sqrt{1+2v^2}\cos u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sqrt{1+2v^2} \sin u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +v\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이고 정의역은 D={ (u,v) ∣ 0≤u≤2π, 1≤v≤2 }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 0\le u\le 2\pi,\ 1\le v\le 2\ \big\} 이다. (d) 벡터함수

r(u,v)=1+usin⁡v ı^+1+ucos⁡v ȷ^+u2 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = \sqrt{1+u}\sin v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sqrt{1+u} \cos v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{\frac{u}{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이고 정의역은 D={ (u,v) ∣ 2≤u≤8, 0≤v≤2π }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 2\le u\le 8,\ 0\le v\le 2\pi\ \big\} 이다. (e) 벡터함수

r(u,v)=ucos⁡v ı^−usin⁡v ȷ^+u+12 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = \sqrt{u}\cos v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - \sqrt{u} \sin v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\frac{\sqrt{u+1}}{\sqrt{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이고 정의역은 D={ (u,v) ∣ 3≤u≤9, 0≤v≤2π }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 3\le u\le 9,\ 0\le v\le 2\pi\ \big\} 이다.

영어 원문 보기

Suppose SS is the part of the hyperboloid x2+y2−2z2=1x^2 + y^2 - 2z^2 = 1 that lies inside the cylinder x2+y2=9x^2 + y^2 = 9 and above the plane z=1z = 1 (i.e. for which z≥1z \ge 1).

Which of the following are parameterizations of SS?

(a) The vector function

r(u,v)=u ı^+v ȷ^+u2+v2−12 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\frac{\sqrt{u^2+v^2-1}}{\sqrt{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

with domain D={ (u,v) ∣ 2≤u2+v2≤9 }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 2 \le u^2+v^2 \le 9\ \big\}. (b) The vector function

r(u,v)=usin⁡v ı^−ucos⁡v ȷ^+u22−12 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = u\sin v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - u\cos v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

with domain D={ (u,v) ∣ 3≤u≤3, 0≤v≤2π }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ \sqrt{3} \le u\le 3,\ 0\le v\le 2\pi\ \big\}. (c) The vector function

r(u,v)=1+2v2cos⁡u ı^+1+2v2sin⁡u ȷ^+v k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = \sqrt{1+2v^2}\cos u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sqrt{1+2v^2} \sin u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +v\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

with domain D={ (u,v) ∣ 0≤u≤2π, 1≤v≤2 }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 0\le u\le 2\pi,\ 1\le v\le 2\ \big\}. (d) The vector function

r(u,v)=1+usin⁡v ı^+1+ucos⁡v ȷ^+u2 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = \sqrt{1+u}\sin v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sqrt{1+u} \cos v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{\frac{u}{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

with domain D={ (u,v) ∣ 2≤u≤8, 0≤v≤2π }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 2\le u\le 8,\ 0\le v\le 2\pi\ \big\}. (e) The vector function

r(u,v)=ucos⁡v ı^−usin⁡v ȷ^+u+12 k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = \sqrt{u}\cos v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - \sqrt{u} \sin v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\frac{\sqrt{u+1}}{\sqrt{2}}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

with domain D={ (u,v) ∣ 3≤u≤9, 0≤v≤2π }D=\big\{ \ (u,v)\ \big|\ 3\le u\le 9,\ 0\le v\le 2\pi\ \big\}.

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
정답·풀이 보기

SS 위에서 x2+y2=1+2z2x^2+y^2=1+2z^2 이므로, 조건 z≥1z\ge 1 은 x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3, z≥0z\ge 0 과 같다. 따라서 이 쌍곡면은 { (x,y,z) ∣ x2+y2=1+2z2, 3≤x2+y2≤9,z≥0 }\big\{ \ (x,y,z)\ \big|\ x^2+y^2=1+2z^2,\ 3\le x^2+y^2\le 9, z\ge 0\ \big\} 이다.

(a) 아니요. 이 매개변수화에서 조건 3≤x2+y2≤93\le x^2+y^2\le 9 는 3≤u2+v2≤93\le u^2+v^2\le 9 가 되므로, 2≤u2+v2≤92\le u^2+v^2\le 9 가 아니다.

(b) 예. 이 매개변수화에서 x=usin⁡vx=u\sin v, y=−ucos⁡vy=-u\cos v, z=u22−12z=\sqrt{\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}} 이다. 따라서

  • x2+y2−2z2=u2−2(u22−12)=1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = u^2-2\left(\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\right) = 1 이므로 바라던 식이 성립한다.
  • u≥0u\ge 0 이므로 조건 x2+y2≤9x^2+y^2\le 9 는 u≤3u\le 3 과 같다.
  • u≥0u\ge 0 이므로 조건 x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3 은 u≥3u\ge\sqrt{3} 과 같다.
  • z=u22−12≥0z=\sqrt{\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}}\ge 0

(c) 예. 이 매개변수화에서 x=1+2v2cos⁡ux=\sqrt{1+2v^2}\cos u, y=1+2v2sin⁡uy=\sqrt{1+2v^2}\sin u, z=vz=v 이다. 따라서

  • x2+y2−2z2=1+2v2−2v2=1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = 1+2v^2 -2v^2 = 1 이므로 원하는 대로 된다.
  • 조건 x2+y2≤9x^2+y^2\le 9 는 1+2v2≤91+2v^2\le 9 와 같고, v≥0v\ge 0 이므로 이는 v≤2v\le 2 와 같다.
  • 조건 x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3 은 1+2v2≥31+2v^2\ge 3 과 같고, v≥0v\ge 0 이므로 이는 v≥1v\ge 1 과 같다.
  • z=v≥0z=v\ge 0

(d) 예. 이 매개변수화에서 x=1+usin⁡vx=\sqrt{1+u}\sin v, y=1+ucos⁡vy=\sqrt{1+u}\cos v, z=u/2z=\sqrt{u/2} 이다. 따라서

  • x2+y2−2z2=1+u−2(u/2)=1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = 1+u -2(u/2) = 1 이므로 원하는 대로 된다.
  • 조건 x2+y2≤9x^2+y^2\le 9 는 1+u≤91+u\le 9 와 같고, 이는 u≤8u\le 8 과 같다.
  • 조건 x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3 은 1+u≥31+u\ge 3 과 같고, 이는 u≥2u\ge 2 와 같다.
  • z=u/2≥0z=\sqrt{u/2}\ge 0

(e) 아니요. 이 매개변수화에서 x=ucos⁡vx=\sqrt{u}\cos v, y=−usin⁡vy=-\sqrt{u}\sin v, z=(u+1)/2z=\sqrt{(u+1)/2} 이다. 따라서

  • x2+y2−2z2=u−2(u+1)/2=−1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = u -2(u+1)/2 = -1 이며, +1+1 이 아니다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Note that, since x2+y2=1+2z2x^2+y^2=1+2z^2 on SS, the condition z≥1z\ge 1 is equivalent to x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3, z≥0z\ge 0. So the hyperboloid is { (x,y,z) ∣ x2+y2=1+2z2, 3≤x2+y2≤9,z≥0 }\big\{ \ (x,y,z)\ \big|\ x^2+y^2=1+2z^2,\ 3\le x^2+y^2\le 9, z\ge 0\ \big\}.

(a) No. Under this parametrization, the condition 3≤x2+y2≤93\le x^2+y^2\le 9 is 3≤u2+v2≤93\le u^2+v^2\le 9, not 2≤u2+v2≤92\le u^2+v^2\le 9.

(b) Yes. Under this parametrization, x=usin⁡vx=u\sin v, y=−ucos⁡vy=-u\cos v and z=u22−12z=\sqrt{\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}}. So

  • x2+y2−2z2=u2−2(u22−12)=1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = u^2-2\left(\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}\right) = 1, as desired.
  • The condition x2+y2≤9x^2+y^2\le 9 is equivalent to u≤3u\le 3, since u≥0u\ge 0.
  • The condition x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3 is equivalent to u≥3u\ge\sqrt{3}, since u≥0u\ge 0.
  • z=u22−12≥0z=\sqrt{\frac{u^2}{2}-\frac{1}{2}}\ge 0

(c) Yes. Under this parametrization, x=1+2v2cos⁡ux=\sqrt{1+2v^2}\cos u, y=1+2v2sin⁡uy=\sqrt{1+2v^2}\sin u and z=vz=v. So

  • x2+y2−2z2=1+2v2−2v2=1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = 1+2v^2 -2v^2 = 1, as desired.
  • The condition x2+y2≤9x^2+y^2\le 9 is equivalent to 1+2v2≤91+2v^2\le 9, which is equivalent to v≤2v\le 2, since v≥0v\ge 0.
  • The condition x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3 is equivalent to 1+2v2≥31+2v^2\ge 3, which is equivalent to v≥1v\ge 1, since v≥0v\ge 0.
  • z=v≥0z=v\ge 0

(d) Yes. Under this parametrization, x=1+usin⁡vx=\sqrt{1+u}\sin v, y=1+ucos⁡vy=\sqrt{1+u}\cos v and z=u/2z=\sqrt{u/2}. So

  • x2+y2−2z2=1+u−2(u/2)=1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = 1+u -2(u/2) = 1, as desired.
  • The condition x2+y2≤9x^2+y^2\le 9 is equivalent to 1+u≤91+u\le 9, which is equivalent to u≤8u\le 8.
  • The condition x2+y2≥3x^2+y^2\ge 3 is equivalent to 1+u≥31+u\ge 3, which is equivalent to u≥2u\ge 2.
  • z=u/2≥0z=\sqrt{u/2}\ge 0

(e) No. Under this parametrization, x=ucos⁡vx=\sqrt{u}\cos v, y=−usin⁡vy=-\sqrt{u}\sin v and z=(u+1)/2z=\sqrt{(u+1)/2}. So

  • x2+y2−2z2=u−2(u+1)/2=−1x^2+y^2-2z^2 = u -2(u+1)/2 = -1, not +1+1
한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 3.1절 · 2번
# 매개변수 곡면계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
27.CLP-4 · 3.1절 · 4번대학 수준우리말 번역

곡면 SS 가 구면 x2+y2+z2=2x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 2 의 일부로서 원기둥 x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1 의 안쪽에 있고 z≥0z \ge 0 인 부분이라고 하자. 다음 중 SS 의 매개변수화인 것을 모두 고르세요.

(a) r(ϕ,θ)=2sin⁡ϕcos⁡θ ı^+2cos⁡ϕ ȷ^+2sin⁡ϕsin⁡θ k^\mathbf{r}(\phi,\theta) = 2\sin \phi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2\cos \phi\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +2\sin \phi\sin\theta\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤ϕ≤π40\le\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4}, 0≤θ≤2π0\le\theta\le2\pi (b) r(x,y)=x ı^−y ȷ^+2−x2−y2 k^\mathbf{r}(x,y) = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{2-x^2-y^2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le 1 (c) r(u,θ)=usin⁡θ ı^+ucos⁡θ ȷ^+2−u2 k^\mathbf{r}(u,\theta) = u\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +u\cos \theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{2-u^2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤u≤20\le u\le 2, 0≤θ≤2π0\le\theta\le2\pi (d) r(ϕ,θ)=2sin⁡ϕcos⁡θ ı^+2sin⁡ϕsin⁡θ ȷ^+2cos⁡ϕ k^\mathbf{r}(\phi,\theta) = \sqrt{2}\sin \phi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\sqrt{2}\sin \phi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{2}\cos \phi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤ϕ≤π40\le\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4}, 0≤θ≤2π0\le\theta\le2\pi (e) r(ϕ,z)=−2−z2sin⁡ϕ ı^+2−z2cos⁡ϕ ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{r}(\phi,z) = -\sqrt{2-z^2}\sin \phi\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\sqrt{2-z^2}\cos \phi\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤ϕ≤2π0\le\phi\le2\pi, 1≤z≤21\le z\le\sqrt{2}

영어 원문 보기

Suppose the surface SS is the part of the sphere x2+y2+z2=2x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 2 that lies inside the cylinder x2+y2=1x^2 + y^2 = 1 and for which z≥0z \ge 0. Which of the following are parameterizations of SS?

(a) r(ϕ,θ)=2sin⁡ϕcos⁡θ ı^+2cos⁡ϕ ȷ^+2sin⁡ϕsin⁡θ k^\mathbf{r}(\phi,\theta) = 2\sin \phi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2\cos \phi\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +2\sin \phi\sin\theta\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤ϕ≤π40\le\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4}, 0≤θ≤2π0\le\theta\le2\pi (b) r(x,y)=x ı^−y ȷ^+2−x2−y2 k^\mathbf{r}(x,y) = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{2-x^2-y^2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le 1 (c) r(u,θ)=usin⁡θ ı^+ucos⁡θ ȷ^+2−u2 k^\mathbf{r}(u,\theta) = u\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +u\cos \theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{2-u^2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤u≤20\le u\le 2, 0≤θ≤2π0\le\theta\le2\pi (d) r(ϕ,θ)=2sin⁡ϕcos⁡θ ı^+2sin⁡ϕsin⁡θ ȷ^+2cos⁡ϕ k^\mathbf{r}(\phi,\theta) = \sqrt{2}\sin \phi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\sqrt{2}\sin \phi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +\sqrt{2}\cos \phi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤ϕ≤π40\le\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4}, 0≤θ≤2π0\le\theta\le2\pi (e) r(ϕ,z)=−2−z2sin⁡ϕ ı^+2−z2cos⁡ϕ ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{r}(\phi,z) = -\sqrt{2-z^2}\sin \phi\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\sqrt{2-z^2}\cos \phi\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

0≤ϕ≤2π0\le\phi\le2\pi, 1≤z≤21\le z\le\sqrt{2}

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
정답·풀이 보기

(a) 아니요. 0<ϕ≤π40 <\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4}, π<θ<2π\pi < \theta <2\pi 일 때 z=sin⁡ϕsin⁡θz=\sin\phi\sin \theta 는 음수이다.

(b) 예. x2+(−y)2+(2−x2−y2)2=2x^2+\big(-y\big)^2+\big(\sqrt{2-x^2-y^2}\big)^2=2 이고, x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le 1 일 때 x2+(−y)2≤1x^2+(-y)^2\le 1 과 2−x2−y2≥0\sqrt{2-x^2-y^2}\ge 0 이 모두 성립함에 주목한다.

(c) 아니요. 1<u≤21<u\le 2 일 때 (usin⁡θ)2+(ucos⁡θ)2=u2>1(u\sin\theta)^2+(u\cos\theta)^2=u^2>1 이다. 또한 2<u≤2\sqrt{2}<u\le 2 일 때 2−u2\sqrt{2-u^2} 는 정의되지 않는다.

(d) 예. 다음에 주목한다.

  • (2sin⁡ϕcos⁡θ)2+(2sin⁡ϕsin⁡θ)2+(2cos⁡ϕ)2=2\big(\sqrt{2}\sin \phi\cos\theta\big)^2 +\big(\sqrt{2}\sin \phi\sin\theta\big)^2 +\big(\sqrt{2}\cos \phi\big)^2=2
  • 0≤ϕ≤π40\le\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4} 일 때 z=2cos⁡ϕ>0z=\sqrt{2}\cos \phi>0 이다.
  • ϕ\phi 가 00 에서 π4\frac{\pi}{4} 까지 변할 때 r(ϕ)=2sin⁡ϕr(\phi)=\sqrt{2}\sin\phi 는 00 에서 11 까지 변하므로, ϕ\phi 가 00 에서 π4\frac{\pi}{4} 까지, θ\theta 가 00 에서 2π2\pi 까지 변할 때 (x=r(ϕ)cos⁡θ , y=r(ϕ)sin⁡θ)\big(x=r(\phi)\cos\theta\,,\,y=r(\phi)\sin\theta\big) 는 x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le1 전체를 덮는다.

(e) 예. 다음에 주목한다.

  • (−2−z2sin⁡ϕ)2+(2−z2cos⁡ϕ)2+(z)2=2\big(-\sqrt{2-z^2}\sin \phi\big)^2 +\big(\sqrt{2-z^2}\cos \phi\big)^2 +\big(z\big)^2=2
  • 1≤z≤21\le z\le\sqrt{2} 일 때 당연히 z>0z>0 이다.
  • zz 가 11 에서 2\sqrt{2} 까지 변할 때 r(z)=2−z2r(z)=\sqrt{2-z^2} 는 11 에서 00 까지 변하므로, zz 가 11 에서 2\sqrt{2} 까지, ϕ\phi 가 00 에서 2π2\pi 까지 변할 때 (x=−r(z)sin⁡ϕ , y=r(z)cos⁡ϕ)\big(x=-r(z)\sin\phi\,,\,y=r(z)\cos\phi\big) 는 x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le1 전체를 덮는다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) No. z=sin⁡ϕsin⁡θz=\sin\phi\sin \theta is negative when 0<ϕ≤π40 <\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4}, π<θ<2π\pi < \theta <2\pi.

(b) Yes. Note that x2+(−y)2+(2−x2−y2)2=2x^2+\big(-y\big)^2+\big(\sqrt{2-x^2-y^2}\big)^2=2 and that, for x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le 1, we have both x2+(−y)2≤1x^2+(-y)^2\le 1 and 2−x2−y2≥0\sqrt{2-x^2-y^2}\ge 0.

(c) No. (usin⁡θ)2+(ucos⁡θ)2=u2>1(u\sin\theta)^2+(u\cos\theta)^2=u^2>1 for 1<u≤21<u\le 2. Also 2−u2\sqrt{2-u^2} is not defined for 2<u≤2\sqrt{2}<u\le 2.

(d) Yes. Note that

  • (2sin⁡ϕcos⁡θ)2+(2sin⁡ϕsin⁡θ)2+(2cos⁡ϕ)2=2\big(\sqrt{2}\sin \phi\cos\theta\big)^2 +\big(\sqrt{2}\sin \phi\sin\theta\big)^2 +\big(\sqrt{2}\cos \phi\big)^2=2
  • For 0≤ϕ≤π40\le\phi\le\frac{\pi}{4}, we have z=2cos⁡ϕ>0z=\sqrt{2}\cos \phi>0.
  • As ϕ\phi runs from 00 to π4\frac{\pi}{4}, r(ϕ)=2sin⁡ϕr(\phi)=\sqrt{2}\sin\phi runs from 00 to 11, so that (x=r(ϕ)cos⁡θ , y=r(ϕ)sin⁡θ)\big(x=r(\phi)\cos\theta\,,\,y=r(\phi)\sin\theta\big) covers all of x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le1 as ϕ\phi runs from 00 to π4\frac{\pi}{4} and θ\theta runs from 00 to 2π2\pi.

(e) Yes. Note that

  • (−2−z2sin⁡ϕ)2+(2−z2cos⁡ϕ)2+(z)2=2\big(-\sqrt{2-z^2}\sin \phi\big)^2 +\big(\sqrt{2-z^2}\cos \phi\big)^2 +\big(z\big)^2=2
  • For 1≤z≤21\le z\le\sqrt{2}, we have obviously have z>0z>0.
  • As zz runs from 11 to 2\sqrt{2}, r(z)=2−z2r(z)=\sqrt{2-z^2} runs from 11 to 00, so that (x=−r(z)sin⁡ϕ , y=r(z)cos⁡ϕ)\big(x=-r(z)\sin\phi\,,\,y=r(z)\cos\phi\big) covers all of x2+y2≤1x^2+y^2\le1 as zz runs from 11 to 2\sqrt{2} and ϕ\phi runs from 00 to 2π2\pi.
한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 3.2절 · 1번
# 매개변수 곡면계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
28.CLP-4 · 3.1절 · 5번대학 수준우리말 번역

SS 를 포물면 z+x2+y2=4z + x^2 + y^2 = 4 의 일부로서 평면 z=0z = 0 과 z=1z = 1 사이에 놓인 부분이라고 하자. 다음 각각이 곡면 SS 를 올바르게 매개화하는지 판단하세요.

(a) r(u,v)=u ı^+v ȷ^+(4−u2−v2) k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + (4 - u^2 - v^2)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}, 0≤u2+v2≤10 \le u^2 + v^2 \le 1 (b) r(u,v)=(4−u cos⁡v) ı^+(4−u sin⁡v) ȷ^+u k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = (\sqrt{4-u}\,\cos v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (\sqrt{4-u}\, \sin v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + u\,\hat{\mathbf{k}},

0≤u≤10 \le u \le 1, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi (c) r(u,v)=(ucos⁡v) ı^+(usin⁡v) ȷ^+(4−u2) k^\mathbf{r}(u, v) = (u \cos v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (u \sin v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + (4 - u^2 )\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}, 3≤u≤2\sqrt{3} \le u \le 2, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi

영어 원문 보기

Let SS be the part of the paraboloid z+x2+y2=4z + x^2 + y^2 = 4 lying between the planes z=0z = 0 and z=1z = 1. For each of the following, indicate whether or not it correctly parameterizes the surface SS.

(a) r(u,v)=u ı^+v ȷ^+(4−u2−v2) k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + v\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + (4 - u^2 - v^2)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}, 0≤u2+v2≤10 \le u^2 + v^2 \le 1 (b) r(u,v)=(4−u cos⁡v) ı^+(4−u sin⁡v) ȷ^+u k^\mathbf{r}(u,v) = (\sqrt{4-u}\,\cos v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (\sqrt{4-u}\, \sin v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + u\,\hat{\mathbf{k}},

0≤u≤10 \le u \le 1, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi (c) r(u,v)=(ucos⁡v) ı^+(usin⁡v) ȷ^+(4−u2) k^\mathbf{r}(u, v) = (u \cos v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + (u \sin v)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + (4 - u^2 )\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}, 3≤u≤2\sqrt{3} \le u \le 2, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
(c)
정답·풀이 보기

(a) 아니요. u=v=0u=v=0 일 때 z=4z=4 는 00 과 11 사이에 있지 않다.

(b) 예. x=4−u cos⁡vx=\sqrt{4-u}\,\cos v, y=4−u sin⁡vy=\sqrt{4-u}\,\sin v, z=uz= u 이고 0≤u≤10 \le u \le 1, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi 일 때 다음이 성립한다.

  • z+x2+y2=4z+x^2+y^2=4
  • 0≤z=u≤10\le z=u\le 1
  • 00 과 11 사이의 각각의 고정된 z=uz=u 에 대해, vv 가 00 에서 2π2\pi 까지 변할 때 (x,y)(x,y) 는 원 x2+y2=4−z=4−ux^2+y^2 =4-z =4-u 를 꼭 한 바퀴 돈다.

(c) 예. x=u cos⁡vx=u\,\cos v, y=u sin⁡vy=u\,\sin v, z=4−u2z= 4-u^2 이고 3≤u≤2\sqrt{3} \le u \le 2, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi 일 때 다음이 성립한다.

  • z+x2+y2=4z+x^2+y^2=4
  • 0≤z=4−u2≤10\le z=4-u^2\le 1
  • 00 과 11 사이의 각각의 고정된 z=4−u2z=4-u^2 에 대해, vv 가 00 에서 2π2\pi 까지 변할 때 (x,y)(x,y) 는 원 x2+y2=4−z=u2x^2+y^2 =4-z =u^2 을 꼭 한 바퀴 돈다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) No. When u=v=0u=v=0, z=4z=4 is not between 00 and 11.

(b) Yes. Note that when x=4−u cos⁡vx=\sqrt{4-u}\,\cos v, y=4−u sin⁡vy=\sqrt{4-u}\,\sin v and z=uz= u with 0≤u≤10 \le u \le 1, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi,

  • z+x2+y2=4z+x^2+y^2=4
  • 0≤z=u≤10\le z=u\le 1
  • For each fixed z=uz=u between 00 and 11, (x,y)(x,y) runs once around the circle x2+y2=4−z=4−ux^2+y^2 =4-z =4-u as vv runs from 00 to 2π2\pi.

(c) Yes. Note that when x=u cos⁡vx=u\,\cos v, y=u sin⁡vy=u\,\sin v and z=4−u2z= 4-u^2, with 3≤u≤2\sqrt{3} \le u \le 2, 0≤v≤2π0 \le v \le 2\pi

  • z+x2+y2=4z+x^2+y^2=4
  • 0≤z=4−u2≤10\le z=4-u^2\le 1
  • For each fixed z=4−u2z=4-u^2 between 00 and 11, (x,y)(x,y) runs once around the circle x2+y2=4−z=u2x^2+y^2 =4-z =u^2 as vv runs from 00 to 2π2\pi.
한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 3.1절 · 4번
# 매개변수 곡면계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
29.CLP-4 · 3.2절 · 13번대학 수준우리말 번역

곡면 x2+9y2+4z2=17x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 = 17 위의 점 중에서 접평면이 평면 x−8z=0x - 8z = 0 과 평행인 점을 모두 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Find all the points on the surface x2+9y2+4z2=17x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 = 17 where the tangent plane is parallel to the plane x−8z=0x - 8z = 0.

정답·풀이 보기

곡면 x2+9y2+4z2=17x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 = 17 의 점 (x,y,z)(x,y,z) 에서의 법선벡터는 (2x , 18y , 8z)( 2x\,,\, 18y\,,\,8z) 이다. 평면 x−8z=0x - 8z = 0 의 법선벡터는 (1 , 0 , −8)( 1\,,\,0\,,\,-8) 이다. 따라서 (2x , 18y , 8z)( 2x\,,\, 18y\,,\,8z) 가 (1 , 0 , −8)( 1\,,\,0\,,\,-8) 과 평행, 즉 (1 , 0 , −8)( 1\,,\,0\,,\,-8) 의 0이 아닌 상수배가 되어야 한다. 이는 x≠0x\ne 0 이면서 y=0y=0 이고 z=−2xz=-2x 일 때 성립한다. 또한 (x,y,z)(x,y,z) 는 곡면 x2+9y2+4z2=17x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 = 17 위에 있어야 한다. 따라서 y=0y=0, z=−2xz=-2x 이고

17=x2+9y2+4z2=x2+4(−2x)2=17x2  ⟹  x=±1\begin{aligned} 17= x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 =x^2 +4(-2x)^2=17x^2 \implies x=\pm 1 \end{aligned}

이다. 그러므로 구하는 점은 ±(1,0,−2)\pm(1,0,-2) 이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

A normal vector to the surface x2+9y2+4z2=17x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 = 17 at the point (x,y,z)(x,y,z) is (2x , 18y , 8z)( 2x\,,\, 18y\,,\,8z). A normal vector to the plane x−8z=0x - 8z = 0 is (1 , 0 , −8)( 1\,,\,0\,,\,-8). So we want (2x , 18y , 8z)( 2x\,,\, 18y\,,\,8z) to be parallel to (1 , 0 , −8)( 1\,,\,0\,,\,-8), i.e. to be a nonzero constant times (1 , 0 , −8)( 1\,,\,0\,,\,-8). This is the case whenever y=0y=0 and z=−2xz=-2x with x≠0x\ne 0. In addition, we want (x,y,z)(x,y,z) to lie on the surface x2+9y2+4z2=17x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 = 17. So we want y=0y=0, z=−2xz=-2x and

17=x2+9y2+4z2=x2+4(−2x)2=17x2  ⟹  x=±1\begin{aligned} 17= x^2 + 9y^2 + 4z^2 =x^2 +4(-2x)^2=17x^2 \implies x=\pm 1 \end{aligned}

So the allowed points are ±(1,0,−2)\pm(1,0,-2).

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 3.2절 · 17번
# 매개변수 곡면계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
30.CLP-4 · 3.2절 · 15번대학 수준우리말 번역

쌍곡면 z2=4x2+y2−1z^2=4x^2+y^2-1 위의 점 중에서 접평면이 평면 2x−y+z=02x-y+z=0 과 평행인 점을 모두 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Find all points on the hyperboloid z2=4x2+y2−1z^2=4x^2+y^2-1 where the tangent plane is parallel to the plane 2x−y+z=02x-y+z=0.

정답·풀이 보기

(x0,y0,z0)(x_0,y_0,z_0) 을 쌍곡면 z2=4x2+y2−1z^2=4x^2+y^2-1 위의 점 중에서 접평면이 평면 2x−y+z=02x-y+z=0 과 평행인 점이라 하자. 평면 2x−y+z=02x-y+z=0 의 법선벡터는 (2,−1,1)( 2,-1,1) 이다. 쌍곡면은 G(x,y,z)=4x2+y2−z2−1G(x,y,z)=4x^2+y^2-z^2-1 이고 ∇G(x,y,z)=(8x,2y,−2z){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } G(x,y,z) = ( 8x,2y,-2z) 이므로, (x0,y0,z0)(x_0,y_0,z_0) 에서 쌍곡면의 법선벡터는 ∇G(x0,y0,z0)=(8x0,2y0,−2z0){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } G(x_0,y_0,z_0)=( 8x_0,2y_0,-2z_0) 이다. 따라서 (x0,y0,z0)(x_0,y_0,z_0) 이 주어진 조건을 만족시키는 것은 다음을 만족시키는 0이 아닌 tt 가 존재하는 것과 같다.

(8x0,2y0,−2z0)=t(2,−1,1) 그리고 z02=4x02+y02−1  ⟺  x0=t4, y0=z0=−t2 그리고 z02=4x02+y02−1  ⟺  t24=t24+t24−1 그리고 x0=t4, y0=z0=−t2  ⟺  t=±2(x0,y0,z0)=±(12,−1,−1)\begin{aligned} &( 8x_0,2y_0,-2z_0) =t( 2,-1,1) \text{ 그리고 } z_0^2=4x_0^2+y_0^2-1\\ &\iff x_0=\frac{t}{4},\ y_0=z_0=-\frac{t}{2}\text{ 그리고 } z_0^2=4x_0^2+y_0^2-1\\ &\iff \frac{t^2}{4}= \frac{t^2}{4}+ \frac{t^2}{4}-1\text{ 그리고 } x_0=\frac{t}{4},\ y_0=z_0=-\frac{t}{2}\\ & \iff t=\pm 2\qquad (x_0,y_0,z_0)=\pm \big(\tfrac{1}{2},-1,-1\big) \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Let (x0,y0,z0)(x_0,y_0,z_0) be a point on the hyperboloid z2=4x2+y2−1z^2=4x^2+y^2-1 where the tangent plane is parallel to the plane 2x−y+z=02x-y+z=0. A normal vector to the plane 2x−y+z=02x-y+z=0 is (2,−1,1)( 2,-1,1). Because the hyperboloid is G(x,y,z)=4x2+y2−z2−1G(x,y,z)=4x^2+y^2-z^2-1 and ∇G(x,y,z)=(8x,2y,−2z){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } G(x,y,z) = ( 8x,2y,-2z), a normal vector to the hyperboloid at (x0,y0,z0)(x_0,y_0,z_0) is ∇G(x0,y0,z0)=(8x0,2y0,−2z0){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } G(x_0,y_0,z_0)=( 8x_0,2y_0,-2z_0). So (x0,y0,z0)(x_0,y_0,z_0) satisfies the required conditions if and only if there is a nonzero tt obeying

(8x0,2y0,−2z0)=t(2,−1,1) and z02=4x02+y02−1  ⟺  x0=t4, y0=z0=−t2 and z02=4x02+y02−1  ⟺  t24=t24+t24−1 and x0=t4, y0=z0=−t2  ⟺  t=±2(x0,y0,z0)=±(12,−1,−1)\begin{aligned} &( 8x_0,2y_0,-2z_0) =t( 2,-1,1) \text{ and } z_0^2=4x_0^2+y_0^2-1\\ &\iff x_0=\frac{t}{4},\ y_0=z_0=-\frac{t}{2}\text{ and } z_0^2=4x_0^2+y_0^2-1\\ &\iff \frac{t^2}{4}= \frac{t^2}{4}+ \frac{t^2}{4}-1\text{ and } x_0=\frac{t}{4},\ y_0=z_0=-\frac{t}{2}\\ & \iff t=\pm 2\qquad (x_0,y_0,z_0)=\pm \big(\tfrac{1}{2},-1,-1\big) \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 3.2절 · 18번
# 매개변수 곡면계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
31.CLP-4 · 3.3절 · 10번대학 수준우리말 번역

반구 z=a2−x2−y2z=\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2} 중에서 원기둥 (x−a2)2+y2=(a2)2\big(x-\frac{a}{2}\big)^2+y^2=\big(\frac{a}{2}\big)^2 의 내부에 놓인 부분의 겉넓이를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Find the surface area of that part of the hemisphere z=a2−x2−y2z=\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2} which lies within the cylinder (x−a2)2+y2=(a2)2\big(x-\frac{a}{2}\big)^2+y^2=\big(\frac{a}{2}\big)^2.

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

반구의 일부분의 겉넓이를 구하려고 한다. 반구 위에서

z=f(x,y)=a2−x2−y2fx(x,y)=−xa2−x2−y2fy(x,y)=−ya2−x2−y2\begin{aligned} z=f(x,y)=\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2}\qquad f_x(x,y)=-\frac{x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2}}\qquad f_y(x,y)=-\frac{y}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2}} \end{aligned}

이므로

dS=1+fx(x,y)2+fy(x,y)2 dx dy=1+x2a2−x2−y2+y2a2−x2−y2 dx dy=a2a2−x2−y2 dx dy\begin{aligned} \mathrm{d}S&=\sqrt{1+f_x(x,y)^2+f_y(x,y)^2}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y =\sqrt{1+\frac{x^2}{a^2-x^2-y^2}+\frac{y^2}{a^2-x^2-y^2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y \\ &=\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{a^2-x^2-y^2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y \end{aligned}

이다. 극좌표로 나타내면 dS=aa2−r2 r dr dθ\mathrm{d}S=\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2-r^2}}\,r\,\mathrm{d}r\,\mathrm{d}\theta 이다. 원기둥 x2−ax+y2=0x^2-ax+y^2=0 의 내부에 있는 반구 부분의 겉넓이를 구하려고 하는데, 이 원기둥의 방정식은 극좌표로 r2−arcos⁡θ=0r^2-ar\cos\theta=0 곧 r=acos⁡θr=a\cos\theta 가 된다. 적분 영역의 위쪽 절반을 아래에 그렸다.

그림

따라서

Surface Area=2∫0π/2dθ∫0acos⁡θdr raa2−r2=2a∫0π/2dθ [−a2−r2 ]0acos⁡θ=2a∫0π/2dθ [a−asin⁡θ]=2a2[θ+cos⁡θ]0π/2=a2[π−2]\begin{aligned} {\rm Surface\ Area} &= 2\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\int_0^{a\cos\theta}\mathrm{d}r\ r \frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2-r^2}} = 2a\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \Big[-\sqrt{a^2-r^2}\,\Big]_0^{a\cos\theta} \\ &= 2a\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \big[a-a\sin\theta\big] \\ &= 2a^2\Big[\theta+\cos\theta\Big]_0^{\pi/2} =a^2[\pi-2] \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

We are to find the surface area of part of a hemisphere. On the hemisphere

z=f(x,y)=a2−x2−y2fx(x,y)=−xa2−x2−y2fy(x,y)=−ya2−x2−y2\begin{aligned} z=f(x,y)=\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2}\qquad f_x(x,y)=-\frac{x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2}}\qquad f_y(x,y)=-\frac{y}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2-y^2}} \end{aligned}

so that

dS=1+fx(x,y)2+fy(x,y)2 dx dy=1+x2a2−x2−y2+y2a2−x2−y2 dx dy=a2a2−x2−y2 dx dy\begin{aligned} \mathrm{d}S&=\sqrt{1+f_x(x,y)^2+f_y(x,y)^2}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y =\sqrt{1+\frac{x^2}{a^2-x^2-y^2}+\frac{y^2}{a^2-x^2-y^2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y \\ &=\sqrt{\frac{a^2}{a^2-x^2-y^2}}\,\mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y \end{aligned}

In polar coordinates, this is dS=aa2−r2 r dr dθ\mathrm{d}S=\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2-r^2}}\,r\,\mathrm{d}r\,\mathrm{d}\theta. We are to find the surface area of the part of the hemisphere that is inside the cylinder, x2−ax+y2=0x^2-ax+y^2=0, which in polar coordinates becomes r2−arcos⁡θ=0r^2-ar\cos\theta=0 or r=acos⁡θr=a\cos\theta. The top half of the domain of integration is sketched below.

figure

So the

Surface Area=2∫0π/2dθ∫0acos⁡θdr raa2−r2=2a∫0π/2dθ [−a2−r2 ]0acos⁡θ=2a∫0π/2dθ [a−asin⁡θ]=2a2[θ+cos⁡θ]0π/2=a2[π−2]\begin{aligned} {\rm Surface\ Area} &= 2\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\int_0^{a\cos\theta}\mathrm{d}r\ r \frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2-r^2}} = 2a\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \Big[-\sqrt{a^2-r^2}\,\Big]_0^{a\cos\theta} \\ &= 2a\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \big[a-a\sin\theta\big] \\ &= 2a^2\Big[\theta+\cos\theta\Big]_0^{\pi/2} =a^2[\pi-2] \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기OpenStax 3권 · 6.6절 · 3번
# 면적분과 플럭스활용보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
32.CLP-4 · 3.3절 · 13번대학 수준우리말 번역

반지름이 aa인 구 껍질이 원점에 중심을 두고 있다. 이 구에서 제1팔분공간에 놓인 부분의 무게중심(즉, 밀도가 상수일 때의 질량중심)을 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A spherical shell of radius aa is centred at the origin. Find the centroid (i.e. the centre of mass with constant density) of the part of the sphere that lies in the first octant.

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

대칭성에 의해 무게중심 (xˉ,yˉ,zˉ)(\bar x,\bar y,\bar z)는 xˉ=yˉ=zˉ\bar x=\bar y=\bar z를 만족한다. 구면좌표를 이용하여 구를 매개변수로 나타내면 다음과 같다.

r(θ,φ)=asin⁡φcos⁡θ ı^+asin⁡φsin⁡θ ȷ^+acos⁡φ k^\mathbf{r}(\theta,\varphi) = a\sin\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +a\sin\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +a\cos\varphi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

그러면

∂r∂θ=−asin⁡φsin⁡θ ı^+asin⁡φcos⁡θ ȷ^∂r∂φ=acos⁡φcos⁡θ ı^+acos⁡φsin⁡θ ȷ^−asin⁡φ k^\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta} =-a\sin\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+a\sin\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\qquad \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \varphi} =a\cos\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+a\cos\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} -a\sin\varphi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이므로

∂r∂θ×∂r∂φ=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^−asin⁡φsin⁡θasin⁡φcos⁡θ0acos⁡φcos⁡θacos⁡φsin⁡θ−asin⁡φ]=−a2sin⁡2φcos⁡θ ı^−a2sin⁡2φsin⁡θ ȷ^−a2sin⁡φcos⁡φ k^  ⟹  dS=∣∂r∂θ×∂r∂φ∣ dθ dφ=a2sin⁡φ dθ dφ\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \varphi} &=\det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ -a\sin\varphi\sin\theta & a\sin\varphi\cos\theta & 0 \\ a\cos\varphi\cos\theta & a\cos\varphi\sin\theta & -a\sin\varphi \end{matrix}\right] \\ &=-a^2\sin^2\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-a^2\sin^2\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} -a^2\sin\varphi\cos\varphi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \implies \mathrm{d}S&=\left|\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \varphi}\right| \,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\varphi =a^2\sin\varphi\,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\varphi \end{aligned}

제1팔분공간에 있는 구면 부분의 겉넓이는 184πa2=πa22\frac{1}{8}4\pi a^2=\frac{\pi a^2}{2} 이므로

xˉ=yˉ=zˉ=∬Sz dS∬S dS=1πa2/2∫0π/2dθ∫0π/2dφ (a2sin⁡φ)(acos⁡φ⏞z)=2aππ2∫0π/2dφ sin⁡φcos⁡φ=a[12sin⁡2φ]0π/2=a2\begin{aligned} \bar x=\bar y=\bar z &=\frac{\iint _S z\,\mathrm{d}S}{\iint _S\,\mathrm{d}S} =\frac{1}{\pi a^2/2}\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\varphi \ (a^2\sin\varphi)(\overbrace{a\cos\varphi}^{z}) \\ &=\frac{2a}{\pi}\frac{\pi}{2}\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\varphi \ \sin\varphi\cos\varphi =a\bigg[\frac{1}{2}\sin^2\varphi\bigg]_0^{\pi/2} =\frac{a}{2} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

By symmetry, the centroid (xˉ,yˉ,zˉ)(\bar x,\bar y,\bar z) obeys xˉ=yˉ=zˉ\bar x=\bar y=\bar z. Parametrize the sphere using spherical coordinates.

r(θ,φ)=asin⁡φcos⁡θ ı^+asin⁡φsin⁡θ ȷ^+acos⁡φ k^\mathbf{r}(\theta,\varphi) = a\sin\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +a\sin\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +a\cos\varphi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

Then

∂r∂θ=−asin⁡φsin⁡θ ı^+asin⁡φcos⁡θ ȷ^∂r∂φ=acos⁡φcos⁡θ ı^+acos⁡φsin⁡θ ȷ^−asin⁡φ k^\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta} =-a\sin\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+a\sin\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\qquad \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \varphi} =a\cos\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+a\cos\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} -a\sin\varphi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

so that

∂r∂θ×∂r∂φ=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^−asin⁡φsin⁡θasin⁡φcos⁡θ0acos⁡φcos⁡θacos⁡φsin⁡θ−asin⁡φ]=−a2sin⁡2φcos⁡θ ı^−a2sin⁡2φsin⁡θ ȷ^−a2sin⁡φcos⁡φ k^  ⟹  dS=∣∂r∂θ×∂r∂φ∣ dθ dφ=a2sin⁡φ dθ dφ\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \varphi} &=\det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ -a\sin\varphi\sin\theta & a\sin\varphi\cos\theta & 0 \\ a\cos\varphi\cos\theta & a\cos\varphi\sin\theta & -a\sin\varphi \end{matrix}\right] \\ &=-a^2\sin^2\varphi\cos\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-a^2\sin^2\varphi\sin\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} -a^2\sin\varphi\cos\varphi\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \implies \mathrm{d}S&=\left|\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \varphi}\right| \,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\varphi =a^2\sin\varphi\,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\varphi \end{aligned}

As the surface area of the part of the sphere in the first octant is 184πa2=πa22\frac{1}{8}4\pi a^2=\frac{\pi a^2}{2}

xˉ=yˉ=zˉ=∬Sz dS∬S dS=1πa2/2∫0π/2dθ∫0π/2dφ (a2sin⁡φ)(acos⁡φ⏞z)=2aππ2∫0π/2dφ sin⁡φcos⁡φ=a[12sin⁡2φ]0π/2=a2\begin{aligned} \bar x=\bar y=\bar z &=\frac{\iint _S z\,\mathrm{d}S}{\iint _S\,\mathrm{d}S} =\frac{1}{\pi a^2/2}\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\theta\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\varphi \ (a^2\sin\varphi)(\overbrace{a\cos\varphi}^{z}) \\ &=\frac{2a}{\pi}\frac{\pi}{2}\int_0^{\pi/2}\mathrm{d}\varphi \ \sin\varphi\cos\varphi =a\bigg[\frac{1}{2}\sin^2\varphi\bigg]_0^{\pi/2} =\frac{a}{2} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 3.3절 · 10번
# 면적분과 플럭스계산보통자동 분류
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33.CLP-4 · 3.3절 · 14번대학 수준우리말 번역

원기둥 x2+y2=2ayx^2+y^2=2ay 에서 z2=x2+y2z^2=x^2+y^2 의 바깥쪽에 놓인 부분의 넓이를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Find the area of that part of the cylinder x2+y2=2ayx^2+y^2=2ay lying outside z2=x2+y2z^2=x^2+y^2.

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

원기둥좌표계에서

x=rcos⁡θy=rsin⁡θz=zx=r\cos\theta\qquad y=r\sin\theta\qquad z=z

이 좌표계에서 원기둥의 방정식 x2+y2=2ayx^2+y^2=2ay 는

r2=2arsin⁡θ또는r=2asin⁡θr^2=2ar\sin\theta\qquad\text{또는}\qquad r=2a\sin\theta

가 된다. 즉 r=f(θ)r=f(\theta) 이고 f(θ)=2asin⁡θf(\theta) =2a\sin\theta 이다. 원기둥을 r(θ,z)=x(θ,z) ı^+y(θ,z) ȷ^+z(θ,z) k^\mathbf{r}(\theta,z) = x(\theta,z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y(\theta,z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z(\theta,z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 로 매개화하면 다음과 같다.

x(θ,z)=f(θ)cos⁡θ=2asin⁡θcos⁡θ=asin⁡2θy(θ,z)=f(θ)sin⁡θ=2asin⁡θsin⁡θ=a(1−cos⁡2θ)z(θ,z)=z\begin{aligned} x(\theta,z)&=f(\theta)\cos\theta=2a\sin\theta\cos\theta=a\sin2\theta\\ y(\theta,z)&=f(\theta)\sin\theta=2a\sin\theta\sin\theta=a(1-\cos2\theta)\\ z(\theta,z)&=z \end{aligned}

이 매개화에서

∂r∂θ=2acos⁡2θ ı^+2asin⁡2θ ȷ^∂r∂z=k^  ⟹  ∂r∂θ×∂r∂z=−2acos⁡2θ ȷ^+2asin⁡2θ ı^  ⟹  dS=∣∂r∂θ×∂r∂z∣ dθ dz=2a dθ dz\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}=2a\cos2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2a\sin2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\qquad \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial z}=\hat{\mathbf{k}} &\implies \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial z} =-2a\cos2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2a\sin2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} \\ &\implies \mathrm{d}S=\left|\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial z}\right|\, \mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}z =2a\,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}z \end{aligned}

이제 적분 구간을 정해야 한다. 아래 왼쪽 그림은 원기둥을 위에서 본 모습이다.

그림

그림

그림에서 0≤θ≤π0\le\theta\le\pi 임을 알 수 있다. 원뿔 z2=x2+y2=r2z^2=x^2+y^2=r^2 (즉 z=±rz=\pm r) 과 원기둥 r=2asin⁡θr=2a\sin\theta 는 z2=r2=4a2sin⁡2θz^2=r^2=4a^2\sin^2\theta 에서 만난다. 따라서 각각의 고정된 θ\theta 에 대해 zz 는 −2asin⁡θ-2a\sin\theta 에서 z=+2asin⁡θz=+2a\sin\theta 까지 변한다. (위 오른쪽 그림을 보라. θ\theta 가 상수인 단면을 나타낸 것이다.) 마지막으로,

Area=∫∣z∣≤2asin⁡θ2a dθ dz=2a∫0π ⁣ ⁣dθ∫−2asin⁡θ2asin⁡θ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣dz=8a2∫0π ⁣ ⁣dθ sin⁡θ=8a2[−cos⁡θ]0π=16a2\begin{aligned} {\rm Area} &= \int_{|z|\le 2a\sin\theta}2a\,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}z =2a\int_0^\pi \!\!\mathrm{d}\theta\int_{-2a\sin\theta}^{2a\sin\theta} \!\!\!\mathrm{d}z =8a^2\int_0^\pi \!\!\mathrm{d}\theta\ \sin\theta =8a^2\Big[-\cos\theta\Big]_0^\pi \\ &=16a^2 \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

In cylindrical coordinates

x=rcos⁡θy=rsin⁡θz=zx=r\cos\theta\qquad y=r\sin\theta\qquad z=z

In these coordinates the equation, x2+y2=2ayx^2+y^2=2ay, of the cylinder becomes

r2=2arsin⁡θorr=2asin⁡θr^2=2ar\sin\theta\qquad\text{or}\qquad r=2a\sin\theta

That is, r=f(θ)r=f(\theta) with f(θ)=2asin⁡θf(\theta) =2a\sin\theta. Parametrize the cylinder by r(θ,z)=x(θ,z) ı^+y(θ,z) ȷ^+z(θ,z) k^\mathbf{r}(\theta,z) = x(\theta,z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y(\theta,z)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z(\theta,z)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} with

x(θ,z)=f(θ)cos⁡θ=2asin⁡θcos⁡θ=asin⁡2θy(θ,z)=f(θ)sin⁡θ=2asin⁡θsin⁡θ=a(1−cos⁡2θ)z(θ,z)=z\begin{aligned} x(\theta,z)&=f(\theta)\cos\theta=2a\sin\theta\cos\theta=a\sin2\theta\\ y(\theta,z)&=f(\theta)\sin\theta=2a\sin\theta\sin\theta=a(1-\cos2\theta)\\ z(\theta,z)&=z \end{aligned}

Under this parametrization,

∂r∂θ=2acos⁡2θ ı^+2asin⁡2θ ȷ^∂r∂z=k^  ⟹  ∂r∂θ×∂r∂z=−2acos⁡2θ ȷ^+2asin⁡2θ ı^  ⟹  dS=∣∂r∂θ×∂r∂z∣ dθ dz=2a dθ dz\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}=2a\cos2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2a\sin2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\qquad \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial z}=\hat{\mathbf{k}} &\implies \frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial z} =-2a\cos2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2a\sin2\theta\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} \\ &\implies \mathrm{d}S=\left|\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial \theta}\times\frac{\partial \mathbf{r}}{\partial z}\right|\, \mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}z =2a\,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}z \end{aligned}

We still have to determine the limits of integration. The figure on the left below provides a top view of the cylinder.

figure

figure

From it we see that 0≤θ≤π0\le\theta\le\pi. The cone z2=x2+y2=r2z^2=x^2+y^2=r^2 (i.e. z=±rz=\pm r) and the cylinder r=2asin⁡θr=2a\sin\theta intersect at z2=r2=4a2sin⁡2θz^2=r^2=4a^2\sin^2\theta. So, for each fixed θ\theta, zz runs from −2asin⁡θ-2a\sin\theta to z=+2asin⁡θz=+2a\sin\theta. (See the figure on the right above. It shows a constant θ\theta cross-section.) Finally,

Area=∫∣z∣≤2asin⁡θ2a dθ dz=2a∫0π ⁣ ⁣dθ∫−2asin⁡θ2asin⁡θ ⁣ ⁣ ⁣dz=8a2∫0π ⁣ ⁣dθ sin⁡θ=8a2[−cos⁡θ]0π=16a2\begin{aligned} {\rm Area} &= \int_{|z|\le 2a\sin\theta}2a\,\mathrm{d}\theta\,\mathrm{d}z =2a\int_0^\pi \!\!\mathrm{d}\theta\int_{-2a\sin\theta}^{2a\sin\theta} \!\!\!\mathrm{d}z =8a^2\int_0^\pi \!\!\mathrm{d}\theta\ \sin\theta =8a^2\Big[-\cos\theta\Big]_0^\pi \\ &=16a^2 \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기OpenStax 3권 · 6.6절 · 7번
# 면적분과 플럭스활용보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
34.CLP-4 · 3.3절 · 21번대학 수준우리말 번역

(a) 꼭짓점이 점 (0,0,3)(0, 0, 3) 에 있고, 밑면이 xyxy평면 위의 원 x2+y2=4x^2 + y^2 = 4 인 원뿔의 곡면 SS 의 매개변수화를 구하세요. 원뿔의 옆면만 SS 에 속하고, 밑면은 속하지 않습니다. 매개변수의 정의역을 반드시 포함하세요. (b) (a)의 곡면 SS 의 질량중심의 zz좌표를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

(a) Find a parametrization of the surface SS of the cone whose vertex is at the point (0,0,3)(0, 0, 3), and whose base is the circle x2+y2=4x^2 + y^2 = 4 in the xyxy-plane. Only the cone surface belongs to SS, not the base. Be careful to include the domain for the parameters. (b) Find the zz-coordinate of the centre of mass of the surface SS from (a).

정답·풀이 보기

(a) zz 가 상수인 (수평) 단면은 각각 zz축을 중심으로 하는 원이다. 반지름은 z=0z=0 일 때 22 에서 z=3z=3 일 때 00 까지 일차적으로 변한다. 따라서 높이 zz 에서의 반지름은 23(3−z)\frac{2}{3}(3-z) 이고, 다음을 사용할 수 있다.

r(θ,z)=23(3−z)cos⁡θ ı^+23(3−z)sin⁡θ ȷ^+z k^0≤θ<2π,0≤z≤3\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(\theta,z) = \frac{2}{3}(3-z)\cos\theta\ \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\frac{2}{3}(3-z)\sin\theta\ \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad 0\le\theta<2\pi,\quad 0\le z\le 3 \end{aligned}

이것이 매개변수화이다.

(b) 대칭성에 의해 질량중심은 zz축 위에 있다. 어차피 zz좌표만 구하면 된다. 질량중심의 zz좌표는 원뿔 위에서 zz 의 가중평균이다. 밀도가 주어지지 않았으므로 상수라고 가정한다. 밀도를 11 로 잡을 수 있으므로, 질량중심의 zz좌표는 ∬Sz dS/∬SdS\iint _S z\,\mathrm{d}S/ \iint _S \mathrm{d}S 이다.

∂r∂θ=(−23(3−z)sin⁡θ , 23(3−z)cos⁡θ , 0)∂r∂z=(−23cos⁡θ , −23sin⁡θ , 1)∂r∂θ×∂r∂z=(23(3−z)cos⁡θ , 23(3−z)sin⁡θ , 49(3−z))\begin{aligned} \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial\theta} &=\big(-\tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\sin\theta\,,\, \tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\cos\theta\,,\, 0 \big) \\ \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial z} &=\big(-\tfrac{2}{3}\cos\theta\,,\, -\tfrac{2}{3}\sin\theta\,,\, 1 \big) \\ \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial\theta} \times \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial z} &=\big(\tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\cos\theta\,,\, \tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\sin\theta\,,\, \tfrac{4}{9}(3-z)\big) \end{aligned}

이므로, 이 매개변수화에 대한 겉넓이 요소는 다음과 같다.

dS=∣∂r∂θ×∂r∂z∣dθdz=23(3−z)∣(cos⁡θ , sin⁡θ , 23)∣dθdz=2139(3−z)dθdz\begin{aligned} \mathrm{d}S &= \big|\tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial\theta}\times \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial z} \big|\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}z =\tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\big|(\cos\theta\,,\,\sin\theta\,,\,\tfrac{2}{3}\big)\big| \mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}z \\ &=\tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}(3-z) \mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}z \end{aligned}

따라서 원뿔의 겉넓이 ∬SdS\iint _S \mathrm{d}S 는 다음과 같다.

∫03dz∫02πdθ 2139(3−z)=4139π∫03dz (3−z)=−2139π(3−z)2∣03=213π\begin{aligned} \int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\int_0^{2\pi}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}(3-z) &=\tfrac{4\sqrt{13}}{9}\pi\int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\ (3-z) =-\tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}\pi(3-z)^2\Big|_0^3 \\ &=2\sqrt{13}\pi \end{aligned}

그리고 질량중심의 zz좌표는 다음과 같다.

zˉ=1213π∫03dz∫02πdθ 2139(3−z)z=29∫03dz (3z−z2)=29[3z22−z33]03=29276=1\begin{aligned} \bar z &=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{13}\pi} \int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\int_0^{2\pi}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}(3-z) z =\frac{2}{9}\int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\ (3z-z^2) =\frac{2}{9}{\Big[\frac{3z^2}{2}-\frac{z^3}{3}\Big]}_0^3 \\ &=\frac{2}{9}\frac{27}{6} =1 \end{aligned}

이는 원뿔의 절반 높이보다 조금 낮은 값인데, 원뿔이 “아래쪽이 무겁기” 때문에 타당하다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Each (horizontal) constant zz cross-section is a circle centred on the zz-axis. The radius varies linearly from 22, when z=0z=0 to 00, when z=3z=3. So the radius at height zz is 23(3−z)\frac{2}{3}(3-z) and we can use

r(θ,z)=23(3−z)cos⁡θ ı^+23(3−z)sin⁡θ ȷ^+z k^0≤θ<2π,0≤z≤3\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(\theta,z) = \frac{2}{3}(3-z)\cos\theta\ \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\frac{2}{3}(3-z)\sin\theta\ \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad 0\le\theta<2\pi,\quad 0\le z\le 3 \end{aligned}

as the parametrization.

(b) By symmetry the centre of mass will lie on the zz-axis. We are only asked for the zz-coordinate anyway. The zz-coordinate of the centre of mass is the weighted average of zz over the cone. Since a density has not been specified, we assume that it is a constant. We may take the density to be 11, so the zz-coordinate of the centre of mass is ∬Sz dS/∬SdS\iint _S z\,\mathrm{d}S/ \iint _S \mathrm{d}S.

Since

∂r∂θ=(−23(3−z)sin⁡θ , 23(3−z)cos⁡θ , 0)∂r∂z=(−23cos⁡θ , −23sin⁡θ , 1)∂r∂θ×∂r∂z=(23(3−z)cos⁡θ , 23(3−z)sin⁡θ , 49(3−z))\begin{aligned} \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial\theta} &=\big(-\tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\sin\theta\,,\, \tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\cos\theta\,,\, 0 \big) \\ \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial z} &=\big(-\tfrac{2}{3}\cos\theta\,,\, -\tfrac{2}{3}\sin\theta\,,\, 1 \big) \\ \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial\theta} \times \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial z} &=\big(\tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\cos\theta\,,\, \tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\sin\theta\,,\, \tfrac{4}{9}(3-z)\big) \end{aligned}

the element of surface area for this parametrization is

dS=∣∂r∂θ×∂r∂z∣dθdz=23(3−z)∣(cos⁡θ , sin⁡θ , 23)∣dθdz=2139(3−z)dθdz\begin{aligned} \mathrm{d}S &= \big|\tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial\theta}\times \tfrac{\partial\mathbf{r}}{\partial z} \big|\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}z =\tfrac{2}{3}(3-z)\big|(\cos\theta\,,\,\sin\theta\,,\,\tfrac{2}{3}\big)\big| \mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}z \\ &=\tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}(3-z) \mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}z \end{aligned}

So the surface area, ∬SdS\iint _S \mathrm{d}S, of the cone is

∫03dz∫02πdθ 2139(3−z)=4139π∫03dz (3−z)=−2139π(3−z)2∣03=213π\begin{aligned} \int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\int_0^{2\pi}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}(3-z) &=\tfrac{4\sqrt{13}}{9}\pi\int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\ (3-z) =-\tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}\pi(3-z)^2\Big|_0^3 \\ &=2\sqrt{13}\pi \end{aligned}

and the zz-coordinate of the centre of mass is

zˉ=1213π∫03dz∫02πdθ 2139(3−z)z=29∫03dz (3z−z2)=29[3z22−z33]03=29276=1\begin{aligned} \bar z &=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{13}\pi} \int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\int_0^{2\pi}\mathrm{d}\theta\ \tfrac{2\sqrt{13}}{9}(3-z) z =\frac{2}{9}\int_0^3\mathrm{d}z\ (3z-z^2) =\frac{2}{9}{\Big[\frac{3z^2}{2}-\frac{z^3}{3}\Big]}_0^3 \\ &=\frac{2}{9}\frac{27}{6} =1 \end{aligned}

This is a little less than half way up the cone, which is reasonable since the cone is “bottom heavy”.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기APEX · 14.6절 · 4번
# 면적분과 플럭스계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
35.CLP-4 · 3.3절 · 31번대학 수준우리말 번역

벡터장

F=r∣r∣=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^x2+y2+z2\mathbf{F} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|} = \frac{x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}

의 순 바깥쪽 플럭스를, 원점을 중심으로 하는 반지름 11 인 구와 반지름 22 인 구 사이 영역의 경계면에 대해 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Compute the net outward flux of the vector field

F=r∣r∣=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^x2+y2+z2\mathbf{F} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|} = \frac{x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}

across the boundary of the region between the spheres of radius 11 and radius 22 centred at the origin.

답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기

다음과 같이 놓는다.

V={ (x,y,z) ∣ 1≤x2+y2+z2≤4 }V=\big\{ \ (x,y,z)\ \big|\ 1\le x^2+y^2+z^2\le 4\ \big\}

VV 의 경계는 두 부분으로 이루어진다. 하나는 원점을 중심으로 하는 반지름 22 인 구 S2S_2 로, (바깥쪽) 법선벡터는 n^=r∣r∣=r2\hat{\mathbf{n}}=\frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|}=\frac{\mathbf{r}}{2} 이다. 다른 하나는 원점을 중심으로 하는 반지름 11 인 구 S1S_1 로, (안쪽) 법선벡터는 n^=−r\hat{\mathbf{n}} = -\mathbf{r} 이다. 따라서

∬∂VF⋅n^ dS=∬S2r∣r∣⋅r2 dS−∬S1r∣r∣⋅r dS=∬S2dS−∬S1dS=4π(2)2−4π(1)2=12π\begin{aligned} \iint _{\partial V} \mathbf{F}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\,\mathrm{d}S &=\iint _{S_2} \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|}\cdot\frac{\mathbf{r}}{2}\,\mathrm{d}S -\iint _{S_1} \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|}\cdot\mathbf{r}\,\mathrm{d}S \\ &=\iint _{S_2} \mathrm{d}S -\iint _{S_1} \mathrm{d}S \\ &=4\pi(2)^2 -4\pi(1)^2 \\ &=12\pi \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Write

V={ (x,y,z) ∣ 1≤x2+y2+z2≤4 }V=\big\{ \ (x,y,z)\ \big|\ 1\le x^2+y^2+z^2\le 4\ \big\}

The boundary of VV consists of two parts — the sphere, S2S_2, of radius 22, centred on the origin, with (outward) normal n^=r∣r∣=r2\hat{\mathbf{n}}=\frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|}=\frac{\mathbf{r}}{2}, and the sphere S1S_1 of radius 11, centred on the origin, with (inward) normal n^=−r\hat{\mathbf{n}} = -\mathbf{r}, So,

∬∂VF⋅n^ dS=∬S2r∣r∣⋅r2 dS−∬S1r∣r∣⋅r dS=∬S2dS−∬S1dS=4π(2)2−4π(1)2=12π\begin{aligned} \iint _{\partial V} \mathbf{F}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\,\mathrm{d}S &=\iint _{S_2} \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|}\cdot\frac{\mathbf{r}}{2}\,\mathrm{d}S -\iint _{S_1} \frac{\mathbf{r}}{|\mathbf{r}|}\cdot\mathbf{r}\,\mathrm{d}S \\ &=\iint _{S_2} \mathrm{d}S -\iint _{S_1} \mathrm{d}S \\ &=4\pi(2)^2 -4\pi(1)^2 \\ &=12\pi \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 3.3절 · 21번
# 면적분과 플럭스계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
36.CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 4번대학 수준우리말 번역

다음 각 벡터장에 대해 ∇⋅F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\mathbf{F} 와 ∇×F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\mathbf{F} 의 값을 구하세요.

(a) F=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{F}=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} (b) F=xy2ı^−yz2ȷ^+zx2k^\mathbf{F}=xy^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-yz^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+zx^2\hat{\mathbf{k}} (c) F=xı^+yȷ^x2+y2\mathbf{F}=\frac{x\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} (2차원에서의 극좌표 기저 벡터 r^\hat{\bf r}) (d) F=−yı^+xȷ^x2+y2\mathbf{F}=\frac{-y\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} (2차원에서의 극좌표 기저 벡터 θ^\hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}})

영어 원문 보기

Evaluate ∇⋅F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\mathbf{F} and ∇×F{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\mathbf{F} for each of the following vector fields.

(a) F=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{F}=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} (b) F=xy2ı^−yz2ȷ^+zx2k^\mathbf{F}=xy^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-yz^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+zx^2\hat{\mathbf{k}} (c) F=xı^+yȷ^x2+y2\mathbf{F}=\frac{x\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} (the polar basis vector r^\hat{\bf r} in 2d) (d) F=−yı^+xȷ^x2+y2\mathbf{F}=\frac{-y\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} (the polar basis vector θ^\hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}} in 2d)

정답·풀이 보기

(a) 정의에 의해

∇⋅(x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^)=∂∂x(x)+∂∂y(y)+∂∂z(z)=3∇×(x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zxyz]=0\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot(x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\big(x\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\big(y\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\big(z\big) = 3 \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] x & y & z\end{matrix}\right] = \mathbf{0} \end{aligned}

(b) 정의에 의해

∇⋅(xy2ı^−yz2ȷ^+zx2k^)=∂∂x(xy2)+∂∂y(−yz2)+∂∂z(zx2)=y2−z2+x2∇×(xy2ı^−yz2ȷ^+zx2k^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zxy2−yz2zx2]=2yz ı^−2xz ȷ^−2xy k^\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot(xy^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-yz^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+zx^2\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\big(xy^2\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\big(-yz^2\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\big(zx^2\big) =y^2-z^2+x^2 \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(xy^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-yz^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+zx^2\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] xy^2 & -yz^2 & zx^2\end{matrix}\right] = 2yz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-2xz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-2xy\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

(c) 정의에 의해

∇⋅(xx2+y2ı^+yx2+y2ȷ^)=∂∂x(xx2+y2)+∂∂y(yx2+y2)=1x2+y2−x2[x2+y2]3/2+1x2+y2−y2[x2+y2]3/2=x2+y2 −x2 +x2+y2 − y2[x2+y2]3/2=1x2+y2∇×(xx2+y2ı^+yx2+y2ȷ^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zxx2+y2yx2+y20]=(−xy[x2+y2]3/2+xy[x2+y2]3/2)k^=0\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{x^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} \\ &=\frac{x^2+y^2\ -x^2\ +x^2+y^2\ -\ y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} \\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & \frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & 0\end{matrix}\right] \\[0.05in] &=\left(- \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}+ \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}\right)\hat{\mathbf{k}} = \mathbf{0} \end{aligned}

(d) 정의에 의해

∇⋅(−yx2+y2ı^+xx2+y2ȷ^)=∂∂x(−yx2+y2)+∂∂y(xx2+y2)=xy[x2+y2]3/2−xy[x2+y2]3/2=0∇×(−yx2+y2ı^+xx2+y2ȷ^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂z−yx2+y2xx2+y20]= ⁣( ⁣1x2+y2−x2[x2+y2]3/2+1x2+y2−y2[x2+y2]3/2 ⁣) ⁣k^=x2+y2 −x2 +x2+y2 − y2[x2+y2]3/2 k^=k^x2+y2\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\left(-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) \\ &= \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} - \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} =0 \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\left(-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] -\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & 0\end{matrix}\right] \\[0.05in] &=\!\left(\!\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{x^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}\!\right)\!\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &= \frac{x^2+y^2\ -x^2\ +x^2+y^2\ -\ y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}\ \hat{\mathbf{k}} = \frac{\hat{\mathbf{k}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) By definition

∇⋅(x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^)=∂∂x(x)+∂∂y(y)+∂∂z(z)=3∇×(x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zxyz]=0\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot(x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\big(x\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\big(y\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\big(z\big) = 3 \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] x & y & z\end{matrix}\right] = \mathbf{0} \end{aligned}

(b) By definition

∇⋅(xy2ı^−yz2ȷ^+zx2k^)=∂∂x(xy2)+∂∂y(−yz2)+∂∂z(zx2)=y2−z2+x2∇×(xy2ı^−yz2ȷ^+zx2k^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zxy2−yz2zx2]=2yz ı^−2xz ȷ^−2xy k^\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot(xy^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-yz^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+zx^2\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\big(xy^2\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\big(-yz^2\big) +\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\big(zx^2\big) =y^2-z^2+x^2 \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(xy^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-yz^2\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+zx^2\hat{\mathbf{k}}) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] xy^2 & -yz^2 & zx^2\end{matrix}\right] = 2yz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-2xz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-2xy\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

(c) By definition

∇⋅(xx2+y2ı^+yx2+y2ȷ^)=∂∂x(xx2+y2)+∂∂y(yx2+y2)=1x2+y2−x2[x2+y2]3/2+1x2+y2−y2[x2+y2]3/2=x2+y2 −x2 +x2+y2 − y2[x2+y2]3/2=1x2+y2∇×(xx2+y2ı^+yx2+y2ȷ^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zxx2+y2yx2+y20]=(−xy[x2+y2]3/2+xy[x2+y2]3/2)k^=0\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{x^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} \\ &=\frac{x^2+y^2\ -x^2\ +x^2+y^2\ -\ y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} \\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & \frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & 0\end{matrix}\right] \\[0.05in] &=\left(- \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}+ \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}\right)\hat{\mathbf{k}} = \mathbf{0} \end{aligned}

(d) By definition

∇⋅(−yx2+y2ı^+xx2+y2ȷ^)=∂∂x(−yx2+y2)+∂∂y(xx2+y2)=xy[x2+y2]3/2−xy[x2+y2]3/2=0∇×(−yx2+y2ı^+xx2+y2ȷ^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂z−yx2+y2xx2+y20]= ⁣( ⁣1x2+y2−x2[x2+y2]3/2+1x2+y2−y2[x2+y2]3/2 ⁣) ⁣k^=x2+y2 −x2 +x2+y2 − y2[x2+y2]3/2 k^=k^x2+y2\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\left(-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right) \\ &= \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} - \frac{xy}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} =0 \\ { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\left(-\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\right) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\[0.05in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x} & \frac{\partial }{\partial y} & \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \\[0.05in] -\frac{y}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} & 0\end{matrix}\right] \\[0.05in] &=\!\left(\!\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{x^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}} +\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} - \frac{y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}\!\right)\!\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &= \frac{x^2+y^2\ -x^2\ +x^2+y^2\ -\ y^2}{{[x^2+y^2]}^{3/2}}\ \hat{\mathbf{k}} = \frac{\hat{\mathbf{k}}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 5번
# 발산과 회전계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
37.CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 5번대학 수준우리말 번역

(a) r=(x,y,z)\mathbf{r}=(x,y,z), r=∣(x,y,z)∣r=|(x,y,z)| 일 때 ∇⋅(rr){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}\big) 를 계산하고 간단히 하세요. 답을 rr 에 관한 식으로 나타내세요. (b) ∇×(yz ı^+2xz ȷ^+exy k^){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\big(yz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + 2xz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{xy}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big) 를 계산하세요.

영어 원문 보기

(a) Compute and simplify ∇⋅(rr){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}\big) for r=(x,y,z)\mathbf{r}=(x,y,z) and r=∣(x,y,z)∣r=|(x,y,z)|. Express your answer in terms of rr. (b) Compute ∇×(yz ı^+2xz ȷ^+exy k^){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\big(yz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + 2xz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{xy}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big).

정답·풀이 보기

(a) rr=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^[x2+y2+z2]1/2\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r} =\frac{x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}}{[x^2+y^2+z^2]^{1/2}} 의 발산을 계산하면 된다.

∂∂xx[x2+y2+z2]1/2=1[x2+y2+z2]1/2−12x(2x)[x2+y2+z2]3/2 = y2+z2[x2+y2+z2]3/2∂∂yy[x2+y2+z2]1/2=1[x2+y2+z2]1/2−12y(2y)[x2+y2+z2]3/2 = x2+z2[x2+y2+z2]3/2∂∂zz[x2+y2+z2]1/2=1[x2+y2+z2]1/2−12z(2z)[x2+y2+z2]3/2 = x2+y2[x2+y2+z2]3/2\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x}\frac{x}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} &=\frac{1}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{x(2x)}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} &\,=\,\frac{y^2+z^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial y}\frac{y}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} &=\frac{1}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{y(2y)}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} &\,=\,\frac{x^2+z^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\frac{z}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} &=\frac{1}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{z(2z)}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} &\,=\,\frac{x^2+y^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} \end{aligned}

이므로 구하는 발산은 다음과 같다.

∇(rr)=2x2+2y2+2z2[x2+y2+z2]3/2=2r2r3=2r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\left(\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}\right) &= \frac{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} =\frac{2r^2}{r^3} =\frac{2}{r} \end{aligned}

(b)

∇×(yz ı^+2xz ȷ^+exy k^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zyz2xzexy]=(xexy−2x) ı^−(yexy−y) ȷ^+z k^\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\big(yz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + 2xz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{xy}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}&\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}&\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\[0.03in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\[0.03in] yz&2xz&e^{xy}\end{matrix}\right] =\big(xe^{xy}-2x\big)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-\big(ye^{xy}-y\big)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) We are to compute the divergence of rr=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^[x2+y2+z2]1/2\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r} =\frac{x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}}{[x^2+y^2+z^2]^{1/2}}. Since

∂∂xx[x2+y2+z2]1/2=1[x2+y2+z2]1/2−12x(2x)[x2+y2+z2]3/2 = y2+z2[x2+y2+z2]3/2∂∂yy[x2+y2+z2]1/2=1[x2+y2+z2]1/2−12y(2y)[x2+y2+z2]3/2 = x2+z2[x2+y2+z2]3/2∂∂zz[x2+y2+z2]1/2=1[x2+y2+z2]1/2−12z(2z)[x2+y2+z2]3/2 = x2+y2[x2+y2+z2]3/2\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x}\frac{x}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} &=\frac{1}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{x(2x)}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} &\,=\,\frac{y^2+z^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial y}\frac{y}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} &=\frac{1}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{y(2y)}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} &\,=\,\frac{x^2+z^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\frac{z}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} &=\frac{1}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{z(2z)}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} &\,=\,\frac{x^2+y^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} \end{aligned}

the specified divergence is

∇(rr)=2x2+2y2+2z2[x2+y2+z2]3/2=2r2r3=2r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\left(\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}\right) &= \frac{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2}{{[x^2+y^2+z^2]}^{3/2}} =\frac{2r^2}{r^3} =\frac{2}{r} \end{aligned}

(b)

∇×(yz ı^+2xz ȷ^+exy k^)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂zyz2xzexy]=(xexy−2x) ı^−(yexy−y) ȷ^+z k^\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times\big(yz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + 2xz\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{xy}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big) &=\det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}&\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}&\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\[0.03in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\[0.03in] yz&2xz&e^{xy}\end{matrix}\right] =\big(xe^{xy}-2x\big)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}-\big(ye^{xy}-y\big)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 6번
# 발산과 회전계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
38.CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 6번대학 수준우리말 번역

다음에서 기호 r=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{r} = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}, r=∣r∣r = |\mathbf{r}| 를 사용하고, kk 는 k=0,1,−1,2,−2,…k = 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, \dots 중 어떤 수이다.

(a) 다음을 만족하는 kk 의 값을 구하세요.

∇(rk)=−3rr5{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } (r^k) = -3\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r^5} (b) 다음을 만족하는 kk 의 값을 구하세요.

∇⋅(rkr)=5r2{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } \cdot (r^k\mathbf{r}) = 5r^2 (c) 다음을 만족하는 kk 의 값을 구하세요.

∇2(rk)=2r4{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }^2 (r^k) = \frac{2}{r^4}

영어 원문 보기

In the following, we use the notation r=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{r} = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}, r=∣r∣r = |\mathbf{r}|, and kk is some number k=0,1,−1,2,−2,…k = 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, \dots.

(a) Find the value kk for which

∇(rk)=−3rr5{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } (r^k) = -3\frac{\mathbf{r}}{r^5} (b) Find the value kk for which

∇⋅(rkr)=5r2{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } \cdot (r^k\mathbf{r}) = 5r^2 (c) Find the value kk for which

∇2(rk)=2r4{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }^2 (r^k) = \frac{2}{r^4}

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
(c)
정답·풀이 보기

(a) rk=(x2+y2+z2)k/2r^k=\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{k/2} 이므로,

∂∂xrk=2x k2(x2+y2+z2)k2−1=k (r⋅ı^) rk−2∂∂yrk=2y k2(x2+y2+z2)k2−1=k (r⋅ȷ^) rk−2∂∂zrk=2z k2(x2+y2+z2)k2−1=k (r⋅k^) rk−2\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x} r^k & = 2x\ \frac{k}{2}\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{\frac{k}{2}-1} = k\ (\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}})\ r^{k-2} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial y} r^k & = 2y\ \frac{k}{2}\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{\frac{k}{2}-1} = k\ (\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\ r^{k-2} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial z} r^k & = 2z\ \frac{k}{2}\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{\frac{k}{2}-1} = k\ (\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{k}})\ r^{k-2} \end{aligned}

구하는 값은 k=−3k=-3 이다.

(b) (a)의 계산을 이용하면

∇⋅(rkr)=∂∂x(xrk)+∂∂y(yrk)+∂∂z(zrk)=3rk+x∂∂xrk+y∂∂yrk+z∂∂zrk=3rk+x(kx rk−2)+y(ky rk−2)+z(kz rk−2)=(3+k)rk\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} } \cdot (r^k\mathbf{r}) &= \frac{\partial }{\partial x} (x r^k) + \frac{\partial }{\partial y} (y r^k) + \frac{\partial }{\partial z} (z r^k) \\ &= 3r^k + x \frac{\partial }{\partial x} r^k + y \frac{\partial }{\partial y} r^k + z \frac{\partial }{\partial z} r^k \\ &= 3r^k + x \big(kx\ r^{k-2}\big) + y \big(ky\ r^{k-2}\big) + z \big(kz\ r^{k-2}\big) \\ &= \big(3+k\big)r^k \end{aligned}

구하는 값은 k=2k=2 이다.

(c) ∇2=∇⋅∇{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }^2 = { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} } 임을 떠올리면,

∇2(rk)=∇⋅(∇(rk))=∇⋅(krk−2 r)(a)에 의해=k(3+k−2)rk−2(b)에 의해, 단 k 를 k−2 로 바꾼다\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }^2 (r^k ) &={ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^k)\big) \\ &={ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot(k r^{k-2}\,\mathbf{r}) &\text{(a)에 의해} \\ &=k(3+k-2)r^{k-2} &\text{(b)에 의해, 단 $k$ 를 $k-2$ 로 바꾼다} \end{aligned}

구하는 값은 k=−2k=-2 이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Since rk=(x2+y2+z2)k/2r^k=\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{k/2},

∂∂xrk=2x k2(x2+y2+z2)k2−1=k (r⋅ı^) rk−2∂∂yrk=2y k2(x2+y2+z2)k2−1=k (r⋅ȷ^) rk−2∂∂zrk=2z k2(x2+y2+z2)k2−1=k (r⋅k^) rk−2\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial }{\partial x} r^k & = 2x\ \frac{k}{2}\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{\frac{k}{2}-1} = k\ (\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}})\ r^{k-2} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial y} r^k & = 2y\ \frac{k}{2}\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{\frac{k}{2}-1} = k\ (\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}})\ r^{k-2} \\ \frac{\partial }{\partial z} r^k & = 2z\ \frac{k}{2}\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{\frac{k}{2}-1} = k\ (\mathbf{r}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{k}})\ r^{k-2} \end{aligned}

We want k=−3k=-3.

(b) Using the computation in part (a)

∇⋅(rkr)=∂∂x(xrk)+∂∂y(yrk)+∂∂z(zrk)=3rk+x∂∂xrk+y∂∂yrk+z∂∂zrk=3rk+x(kx rk−2)+y(ky rk−2)+z(kz rk−2)=(3+k)rk\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} } \cdot (r^k\mathbf{r}) &= \frac{\partial }{\partial x} (x r^k) + \frac{\partial }{\partial y} (y r^k) + \frac{\partial }{\partial z} (z r^k) \\ &= 3r^k + x \frac{\partial }{\partial x} r^k + y \frac{\partial }{\partial y} r^k + z \frac{\partial }{\partial z} r^k \\ &= 3r^k + x \big(kx\ r^{k-2}\big) + y \big(ky\ r^{k-2}\big) + z \big(kz\ r^{k-2}\big) \\ &= \big(3+k\big)r^k \end{aligned}

We want k=2k=2.

(c) Recalling that ∇2=∇⋅∇{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }^2 = { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} },

∇2(rk)=∇⋅(∇(rk))=∇⋅(krk−2 r)by part (a)=k(3+k−2)rk−2by part (b), but with k replaced by k−2\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }^2 (r^k ) &={ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^k)\big) \\ &={ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot(k r^{k-2}\,\mathbf{r}) &\text{by part (a)} \\ &=k(3+k-2)r^{k-2} &\text{by part (b), but with $k$ replaced by $k-2$} \end{aligned}

We want k=−2k=-2.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 7번
# 발산과 회전계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
39.CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 7번대학 수준우리말 번역

r\mathbf{r} 를 벡터장 r=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{r} = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 라 하고, rr 를 함수 r=∣r∣r = |\mathbf{r}| 라 하자. a\mathbf{a} 를 상수 벡터 a=a1 ı^+a2 ȷ^+a3 k^\mathbf{a} = a_1\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + a_2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + a_3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 라 하자. 다음 양을 계산하여 간단히 하세요. 답은 a\mathbf{a}, r\mathbf{r}, rr 로 나타내야 합니다. 답에 xx, yy, zz 가 들어 있으면 안 됩니다.

(a) ∇⋅r{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\mathbf{r} (b) ∇(r2){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^2) (c) ∇×(r×a){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{a}) (d) ∇⋅(∇(r)){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r)\big)

영어 원문 보기

Let r\mathbf{r} be the vector field r=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^\mathbf{r} = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} and let rr be the function r=∣r∣r = |\mathbf{r}|. Let a\mathbf{a} be the constant vector a=a1 ı^+a2 ȷ^+a3 k^\mathbf{a} = a_1\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + a_2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + a_3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}. Compute and simplify the following quantities. Answers must be expressed in terms of a\mathbf{a}, r\mathbf{r}, and rr. There should be no xx's, yy's, or zz's in your answers.

(a) ∇⋅r{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\mathbf{r} (b) ∇(r2){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^2) (c) ∇×(r×a){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{a}) (d) ∇⋅(∇(r)){ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r)\big)

정답·풀이 보기

(a)

∇⋅r=∂x∂x+∂y∂y+∂z∂z=3{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\mathbf{r} =\frac{\partial x}{\partial x} +\frac{\partial y}{\partial y} +\frac{\partial z}{\partial z} =3

(b)

∇(r2)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)=2x ı^+2y ȷ^+2z k^=2r{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^2) =\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big) =2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +2z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} =2\mathbf{r}

(c) 다음과 같으므로

r×a=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^xyza1a2a3]=ı^(a3y−a2z)+ȷ^(a1z−a3x)+k^(a2x−a1y)\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{a} = \det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ x & y & z \\ a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \end{matrix}\right] =\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\big(a_3y-a_2z\big) +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\big(a_1z-a_3x\big) +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big(a_2x-a_1y\big)

다음을 얻는다.

∇×(r×a)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂za3y−a2za1z−a3xa2x−a1y]=−2a1 ı^−2a2 ȷ^−2a3 k^=−2a\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{a}) &= \det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}&\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}&\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\[0.03in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\[0.03in] a_3y-a_2z& a_1z-a_3x & a_2x-a_1y\end{matrix}\right] =-2a_1\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -2a_2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} -2a_3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &=-2\mathbf{a} \end{aligned}

(d) 다음과 같으므로

∇(r)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)1/2=ı^x(x2+y2+z2)1/2+ȷ^y(x2+y2+z2)1/2+k^x(x2+y2+z2)1/2\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r) &= \left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} \\ &=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{y}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} \end{aligned}

다음을 얻는다.

∇⋅(∇(r))=∂∂xx(x2+y2+z2)1/2+∂∂yy(x2+y2+z2)1/2+∂∂zz(x2+y2+z2)1/2=3(x2+y2+z2)1/2−122x2+2y2+2z2(x2+y2+z2)3/2=2(x2+y2+z2)1/2=2r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r)\big) &= \frac{\partial }{\partial x} \frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\frac{\partial }{\partial y} \frac{y}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \frac{z}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} \\ &= \frac{3}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} =\frac{2}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} =\frac{2}{r} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a)

∇⋅r=∂x∂x+∂y∂y+∂z∂z=3{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\mathbf{r} =\frac{\partial x}{\partial x} +\frac{\partial y}{\partial y} +\frac{\partial z}{\partial z} =3

(b)

∇(r2)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)=2x ı^+2y ȷ^+2z k^=2r{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^2) =\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big) =2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} +2z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} =2\mathbf{r}

(c) Since

r×a=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^xyza1a2a3]=ı^(a3y−a2z)+ȷ^(a1z−a3x)+k^(a2x−a1y)\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{a} = \det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ x & y & z \\ a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \end{matrix}\right] =\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\big(a_3y-a_2z\big) +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\big(a_1z-a_3x\big) +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big(a_2x-a_1y\big)

we have

∇×(r×a)=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^∂∂x∂∂y∂∂za3y−a2za1z−a3xa2x−a1y]=−2a1 ı^−2a2 ȷ^−2a3 k^=−2a\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\times(\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{a}) &= \det\left[\begin{matrix}\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}&\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}&\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\[0.03in] \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\[0.03in] a_3y-a_2z& a_1z-a_3x & a_2x-a_1y\end{matrix}\right] =-2a_1\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} -2a_2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} -2a_3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &=-2\mathbf{a} \end{aligned}

(d) Since

∇(r)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)1/2=ı^x(x2+y2+z2)1/2+ȷ^y(x2+y2+z2)1/2+k^x(x2+y2+z2)1/2\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r) &= \left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} \\ &=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{y}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} \end{aligned}

we have

∇⋅(∇(r))=∂∂xx(x2+y2+z2)1/2+∂∂yy(x2+y2+z2)1/2+∂∂zz(x2+y2+z2)1/2=3(x2+y2+z2)1/2−122x2+2y2+2z2(x2+y2+z2)3/2=2(x2+y2+z2)1/2=2r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r)\big) &= \frac{\partial }{\partial x} \frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\frac{\partial }{\partial y} \frac{y}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} +\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \frac{z}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} \\ &= \frac{3}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} -\frac{1}{2}\frac{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} =\frac{2}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} =\frac{2}{r} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기OpenStax 3권 · 6.5절 · 30번
# 발산과 회전계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
40.CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 8번대학 수준우리말 번역

다음과 같이 두자.

r=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^,r=∣r∣\mathbf{r} = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}},\qquad r = |\mathbf{r}|

(a) ∇(1r)=−ra r{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\big(\frac{1}{r}\big) =- r^a\,\mathbf{r} 를 만족하는 aa 의 값을 구하세요. (b) ∇⋅(r r)=ar{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(r\,\mathbf{r}\big) = ar 를 만족하는 aa 의 값을 구하세요. (c) ∇⋅(∇(r3))=ar{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^3)\big) = ar 를 만족하는 aa 의 값을 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Let

r=x ı^+y ȷ^+z k^,r=∣r∣\mathbf{r} = x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + y\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + z\,\hat{\mathbf{k}},\qquad r = |\mathbf{r}|

(a) Compute aa where ∇(1r)=−ra r{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\big(\frac{1}{r}\big) =- r^a\,\mathbf{r}. (b) Compute aa where ∇⋅(r r)=ar{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(r\,\mathbf{r}\big) = ar. (c) Compute aa where ∇⋅(∇(r3))=ar{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^3)\big) = ar.

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
(c)
정답·풀이 보기

(a) 다음과 같으므로

∇(1r)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)−1/2=−ı^x(x2+y2+z2)3/2−ȷ^y(x2+y2+z2)3/2−k^z(x2+y2+z2)3/2=−ı^xr3−ȷ^yr3−k^xr3\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\left(\frac{1}{r}\right) &= \left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{-1/2} \\ &=-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} -\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{y}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} -\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{z}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} \\ &=-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{x}{r^3} -\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{y}{r^3} -\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{x}{r^3} \end{aligned}

a=−3a=-3 이다.

(b) 다음과 같으므로

∇⋅(r r)=∂∂x[(x2+y2+z2)1/2x]+∂∂y[(x2+y2+z2)1/2y]+∂∂z[(x2+y2+z2)1/2z]=3(x2+y2+z2)1/2+122x2+2y2+2z2(x2+y2+z2)1/2=4(x2+y2+z2)1/2=4r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(r\,\mathbf{r}\big) &= \frac{\partial }{\partial x} \Big[\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}x\Big] +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\Big[\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}y\Big] +\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \Big[\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}z\Big] \\ &= 3\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} +\frac{1}{2}\frac{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} =4\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} =4r \end{aligned}

a=4a=4 이다.

(c) 다음과 같으므로

∇(r3)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)3/2=ı^ 3x(x2+y2+z2)1/2+ȷ^ 3y(x2+y2+z2)1/2+k^ 3z(x2+y2+z2)1/2=3rr\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^3) &= \left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2} \\ &=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\,3x\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,3y\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\,3z\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} \\ &=3r\mathbf{r} \end{aligned}

다음을 얻는다.

∇⋅(∇(r3))=∇⋅(3rr)=3 ∇⋅(rr)=3 (4r)(b)에 의해=12r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^3)\big) &= { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(3r\mathbf{r}\big) = 3\,{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(r\mathbf{r}\big) = 3\,\big(4r\big) \qquad\text{(b)에 의해} \\ &= 12 r \end{aligned}

따라서 a=12a=12 이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Since

∇(1r)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)−1/2=−ı^x(x2+y2+z2)3/2−ȷ^y(x2+y2+z2)3/2−k^z(x2+y2+z2)3/2=−ı^xr3−ȷ^yr3−k^xr3\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\left(\frac{1}{r}\right) &= \left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{-1/2} \\ &=-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{x}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} -\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{y}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} -\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{z}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2}} \\ &=-\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{x}{r^3} -\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{y}{r^3} -\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{x}{r^3} \end{aligned}

we have a=−3a=-3.

(b) Since

∇⋅(r r)=∂∂x[(x2+y2+z2)1/2x]+∂∂y[(x2+y2+z2)1/2y]+∂∂z[(x2+y2+z2)1/2z]=3(x2+y2+z2)1/2+122x2+2y2+2z2(x2+y2+z2)1/2=4(x2+y2+z2)1/2=4r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(r\,\mathbf{r}\big) &= \frac{\partial }{\partial x} \Big[\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}x\Big] +\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\Big[\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}y\Big] +\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \Big[\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}z\Big] \\ &= 3\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} +\frac{1}{2}\frac{2x^2+2y^2+2z^2}{\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2}} =4\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} =4r \end{aligned}

we have a=4a=4.

(c) Since

∇(r3)=(ı^∂∂x+ȷ^∂∂y+k^∂∂z)(x2+y2+z2)3/2=ı^ 3x(x2+y2+z2)1/2+ȷ^ 3y(x2+y2+z2)1/2+k^ 3z(x2+y2+z2)1/2=3rr\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^3) &= \left(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial x} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\frac{\partial }{\partial y} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{3/2} \\ &=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}\,3x\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} +\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\,3y\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} +\hat{\mathbf{k}}\,3z\big(x^2+y^2+z^2\big)^{1/2} \\ &=3r\mathbf{r} \end{aligned}

we have

∇⋅(∇(r3))=∇⋅(3rr)=3 ∇⋅(rr)=3 (4r)by part (b)=12r\begin{aligned} { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big({ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }(r^3)\big) &= { \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(3r\mathbf{r}\big) = 3\,{ \boldsymbol{\nabla} }\cdot\big(r\mathbf{r}\big) = 3\,\big(4r\big) \qquad\text{by part (b)} \\ &= 12 r \end{aligned}

so that a=12a=12.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 4.1절 · 9번
# 발산과 회전계산보통자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)