공통수학2 · 집합과 명제 · 11강

명제의 증명과 절대부등식

대우·귀류법을 이용한 증명, 산술평균과 기하평균

4:34 · 한국어 자막 있음(재생기 메뉴) · 연습문제 원문: Ted Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning: Writing and Proof, Version 3 (PreTeXt edition by Ian Curtis). Grand Valley State University Libraries. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/books/28 — 3.3절 연습문제 6(b) (https://gvsuoer.github.io/sundstrom-textbook/S_contradiction.html#exer_sec33-4, 원본 풀이의 x² = a²/b² 는 x = a²/b² 의 오타로 보고 고쳐 씀) / 3.2절 연습문제 3(a)·(b) (https://gvsuoer.github.io/sundstrom-textbook/S_moremethods.html). 문제를 우리말로 옮겼으며, 원문은 CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Unported, 이 영상은 같은 조건의 이후 판인 CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 으로 공개합니다.

핵심 정리

대우를 이용한 증명: p→qp\to q 대신 참·거짓이 같은 대우 ∼q→∼p\sim q\to\sim p를 증명합니다. 귀류법: 결론을 부정하면 모순이 생긴다는 것을 보입니다(예: 2\sqrt{2}는 무리수이다).

산술평균과 기하평균의 관계: a>0a>0, b>0b>0일 때 a+b2≥ab\frac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab} (등호는 a=ba=b일 때 성립)

활용: x>0x>0일 때 x+1x≥2x⋅1x=2x+\frac{1}{x}\ge2\sqrt{x\cdot\frac{1}{x}}=2이므로 최솟값은 22 (x=1x=1일 때)

연습문제

원문 · Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning: Writing and Proof (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

1.Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.1절 · 2d번영어 원문

For each of the following, use a counterexample to prove the statement is false.

For each integer aa, if 4 divides (a2−1)\left( a^2 - 1 \right), then 4 divides (a−1)(a - 1).

정답·풀이 보기 (영어 원문)

The integer a=3a = 3 is a counterexample since a2−1=8a^2 - 1 = 8 and a−1=2a - 1 = 2. Since 4 divides 8 and 4 does not divide 2, this is an example where the hypothesis of the conditional statement is true and the conclusion is false.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.1절영어 원문

Construct a know-show table for the following proposition: For all integers aa, bb, and cc with a≠0a \ne 0, if aa divides bb and aa divides cc, then aa divides (b+c)(b + c).

다 풀었으면 정답 확인

Conjecture: For all integers aa, bb, and cc with a≠0a \ne 0, if aa divides bb and aa divides cc, then aa divides b+cb + c.

A Know-show table for a proof of the conjecture in Part (3).

| Step | Know | Reason | | --- | --- | --- | | PP | a∣ba \mid b and a∣ca \mid c | Hypothesis | | P1P1 | (∃s∈Z)(b=a⋅s)\left( {\exists s \in \mathbb{Z}} \right) \left( {b = a \cdot s} \right) (∃t∈Z)(c=a⋅t)\left( {\exists t \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\left( {c = a \cdot t} \right) | Definition of “divides” | | P2P2 | b+c=as+atb + c = as + at | Substituting for bb and cc | | P3P3 | b+c=a(s+t)b + c = a\left( {s + t} \right) | Distributive property | | Q1Q1 | s+ts + t is an integer | Z\mathbb{Z} is closed under addition | | QQ | a∥(b+c)\left. {a } \right\| \left( {b + c} \right) | Definition of “divides” | | Step | Show | Reason |

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# 명제의 증명과 절대부등식증명·논술자동 분류
2.Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.2절 · 3a번영어 원문

Complete the following.

Write the contrapositive of the following statement: For all positive real numbers aa and bb, if ab≠a+b2\sqrt {ab} \ne \dfrac{{a + b}}{2}, then a≠ba \ne b.

정답·풀이 보기 (영어 원문)

The contrapositive is: For all positive real numbers aa and bb, if a=ba = b, then ab=a+b2\sqrt{ab} = \dfrac{a + b}{2}.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.2절영어 원문

In English, write the contrapositive of, “For all real numbers aa and bb, if a≠0a \ne 0 and b≠0b \ne 0, then ab≠0ab \ne 0.”

다 풀었으면 정답 확인

For all real numbers aa and bb, if ab=0ab = 0, then a=0 or b=0a = 0\text{ or } b = 0.

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3.Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.3절 · 2b번영어 원문

Are the following statements true or false? Justify each conclusion.

For all integers aa and bb, if aa is even and bb is odd, then 66 does not divide (a2+b2)\left( a^2 + b^2 \right).

정답·풀이 보기 (영어 원문)

This statement is true. Use a proof by contradiction. So assume that there exist integers aa and bb such that aa is even, bb is odd, and 6 divides a2+b2a^2 + b^2. So there exist integers mm and nn such that

a=2m and a2+b2=6na = 2m \qquad \text{ and } \qquad a^2 + b^2 = 6n

. Substitute a=2ma = 2m into the second equation and use algebra to rewrite in the form b2=2(3n−2m2)b^2 = 2(3n - 2m^2). This means that b2b^2 is even and hence, that bb is even. This is a contradiction.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.3절 · 2d번영어 원문

Are the following statements true or false? Justify each conclusion.

For all integers aa and bb, if aa is odd and bb is odd, then 44 divides (a2+3b2)\left( a^2 + 3b^2 \right).

다 풀었으면 정답 확인

This statement is true. Use a direct proof. Let aa and bb be integers and assume they are odd. So there exist integers mm and nn such that

a=2m+1 and b=2n+1a = 2m + 1 \qquad \text{ and } \qquad b = 2n + 1

. We then see that

a2+3b2=4m2+4m+1+12n2+12n+3=4(m2+m+3n2+3n+1)\begin{aligned}a^2 + 3b^2 & = 4m^2 + 4m + 1 + 12n^2 + 12n + 3 \\ & = 4\left( m^2 + m + 3n^2 + 3n + 1 \right)\end{aligned}

. This shows that 4 divides a2+3b2a^2 + 3b^2.

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# 명제의 증명과 절대부등식개념 확인자동 분류
4.Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.3절 · 6b번영어 원문

Are the following statements true or false? Justify each conclusion.

For each positive real number xx, if xx is irrational, then x\sqrt x is irrational.

정답·풀이 보기 (영어 원문)

This statement is true since the contrapositive is true. The contrapositive is:

For any real number

x

, if

\sqrt{x}

is rational, then

x

is rational.

If there exist integers aa and bb with b≠0b \ne 0 such that x=ab\sqrt{x} = \dfrac{a}{b}, then x2=a2b2x^2 = \dfrac{a^2}{b^2} and hence, x2x^2 is rational.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제Sundstrom, Mathematical Reasoning · 3.3절 · 3a번영어 원문

Consider the following statement:

For each positive real number

r

, if

r^2 = 18

, then

r

is irrational.

If you were setting up a proof by contradiction for this statement, what would you assume? Carefully write down all conditions that you would assume.

다 풀었으면 정답 확인

We would assume that there exists a positive real number rr such that r2=18r^2 = 18 and rr is a rational number.

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# 명제의 증명과 절대부등식개념 확인자동 분류

「명제의 증명과 절대부등식」 문제 더 풀기 (89문제)

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