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벡터와 공간 전체 문제

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14문제 · 1 / 1쪽

1.CLP-3 · 1.2절 · 34번대학 수준우리말 번역

2차원 세계에서 마찰 없이 언덕 y=h(x)y=h(x) 위를 미끄러져 내려가는 스키 선수를 생각하세요. 스키 선수에게는 두 힘이 작용합니다. 하나는 중력입니다. 다른 하나는 언덕에 수직으로 작용합니다. 이 두 번째 힘은 스키 선수가 언덕 속으로 파고들지 않도록 크기가 저절로 조절됩니다. 스키 선수가 y0=h(x0)y_0=h(x_0) 인 어떤 점 (x0,y0)(x_0,y_0) 에서 공중으로 떠올랐다고 합시다. 이때 스키 선수의 속력은 얼마였는지 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Consider a skier who is sliding without friction on the hill y=h(x)y=h(x) in a two dimensional world. The skier is subject to two forces. One is gravity. The other acts perpendicularly to the hill. The second force automatically adjusts its magnitude so as to prevent the skier from burrowing into the hill. Suppose that the skier became airborne at some (x0,y0)(x_0,y_0) with y0=h(x0)y_0=h(x_0). How fast was the skier going?

정답·풀이 보기

시각 tt 에서 스키 선수의 위치를 (x(t),y(t))\big(x(t),y(t)\big) 로 나타내자. 스키 선수가 언덕 표면 위에 있는 동안

y(t)=h(x(t))  ⟹  y′(t)=h′(x(t)) x′(t)  ⟹  y′′(t)=h′′(x(t)) x′(t)2+h′(x(t)) x′′(t)\begin{aligned} y(t)&=h\big(x(t)\big) \\ \implies y'(t)&=h'\big(x(t)\big)\,x'(t) \\ \implies y''(t)&=h''\big(x(t)\big)\, x'(t)^2+h'\big(x(t)\big)\,x''(t) \end{aligned}

따라서 스키 선수의 속도 벡터와 가속도 벡터는 다음과 같다.

v(t)=<1,h′(x(t))>x′(t)a(t)=<1,h′(x(t))>x′′(t)+<0,h′′(x(t))>x′(t)2\begin{aligned} \mathbf{v}(t)&=\left< 1,h'\big(x(t)\big)\right> x'(t) \\ \mathbf{a}(t)&=\left< 1,h'\big(x(t)\big)\right> x''(t) +\left< 0,h''\big(x(t)\big)\right> x'(t)^2 \end{aligned}

스키 선수에게는 두 힘이 작용한다. 하나는 중력이다. 다른 하나는 언덕에 수직으로 작용하며, 스키 선수가 언덕 표면 위에 머물도록 하는 크기를 가진다. 스키 선수가 언덕 표면 위에 있는 동안에는 속도 벡터가 언덕에 접하므로, 이 속도 벡터로부터 (x(t),y(t))\big(x(t),y(t)\big) 에서 언덕에 수직인 벡터 하나가 n(t)=<−h′(x(t)),1>\mathbf{n}(t)=\left<-h'\big(x(t)\big),1\right> 임을 알 수 있다. 이 벡터는 단위벡터가 아니지만 상관없다. 뉴턴의 운동 법칙에 의해

ma=−mg ȷ^+p(t) n(t)m\mathbf{a}=-mg\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+p(t)\,\mathbf{n}(t)

이다. 여기서 p(t)p(t) 는 어떤 함수이다. 이 등식의 양변에 n(t)\mathbf{n}(t) 를 내적한다.

ma(t)⋅n(t)=−mgȷ^⋅n(t)+p(t)∣n(t)∣2m\mathbf{a}(t)\cdot\mathbf{n}(t)=-mg\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\cdot\mathbf{n}(t)+p(t)|\mathbf{n}(t)|^2

대입하면

mh′′(x(t)) x′(t)2=−mg+p(t)[1+h′(x(t))2]  ⟹  p(t)[1+h′(x(t))2]=m(g+h′′(x(t)) x′(t)2)\begin{aligned} mh''\big(x(t)\big)\,x'(t)^2&=-mg+p(t)\left[1+h'\big(x(t)\big)^2\right] \\ \implies p(t)\left[1+h'\big(x(t)\big)^2\right] &=m\Big(g+h''\big(x(t)\big)\,x'(t)^2\Big) \end{aligned}

이다. p(t)≥0p(t)\ge 0 인 동안에는 언덕이 스키 선수를 표면 위에 머물게 하려고 위로 밀고 있다. p(t)p(t) 가 음수가 되면 언덕이 스키 선수를 표면에 붙잡아 두기 위해 잡아당겨야 한다. 그러나 언덕은 잡아당길 수 없으므로 스키 선수는 대신 공중으로 떠오른다. 이는

g+h′′(x(t))x′(t)2=0g+h''\big(x(t)\big)x'(t)^2=0

일 때 일어난다. 즉 x′(t)=−g/h′′(x(t))x'(t)=\sqrt{-g/h''\big(x(t)\big)} 일 때이다. 이때 x(t)=x0x(t)=x_0, y(t)=y0y(t)=y_0 이고 스키 선수의 속력은

x′(t)2+y′(t)2=1+h′(x0)2−g/h′′(x0)\sqrt{x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2} =\sqrt{1+h'\big(x_0\big)^2}\sqrt{-g/h''\big(x_0\big)}

이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Denote by (x(t),y(t))\big(x(t),y(t)\big) the position of the skier at time tt. As long as the skier remains on the surface of the hill

y(t)=h(x(t))  ⟹  y′(t)=h′(x(t)) x′(t)  ⟹  y′′(t)=h′′(x(t)) x′(t)2+h′(x(t)) x′′(t)\begin{aligned} y(t)&=h\big(x(t)\big) \\ \implies y'(t)&=h'\big(x(t)\big)\,x'(t) \\ \implies y''(t)&=h''\big(x(t)\big)\, x'(t)^2+h'\big(x(t)\big)\,x''(t) \end{aligned}

So the velocity and acceleration vectors of the skier are

v(t)=<1,h′(x(t))>x′(t)a(t)=<1,h′(x(t))>x′′(t)+<0,h′′(x(t))>x′(t)2\begin{aligned} \mathbf{v}(t)&=\left< 1,h'\big(x(t)\big)\right> x'(t) \\ \mathbf{a}(t)&=\left< 1,h'\big(x(t)\big)\right> x''(t) +\left< 0,h''\big(x(t)\big)\right> x'(t)^2 \end{aligned}

The skier is subject to two forces. One is gravity. The other acts perpendicularly to the hill and has a magnitude such that the skier remains on the surface of the hill. From the velocity vector of the skier (which remain tangential to the hill as long as the skier remains of the surface of the hill),we see that one vector normal to the hill at (x(t),y(t))\big(x(t),y(t)\big) is n(t)=<−h′(x(t)),1>\mathbf{n}(t)=\left<-h'\big(x(t)\big),1\right> This vector is not a unit vector, but that's ok. By Newton's law of motion

ma=−mg ȷ^+p(t) n(t)m\mathbf{a}=-mg\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+p(t)\,\mathbf{n}(t)

for some function p(t)p(t). Dot both sides of this equation with n(t)\mathbf{n}(t).

ma(t)⋅n(t)=−mgȷ^⋅n(t)+p(t)∣n(t)∣2m\mathbf{a}(t)\cdot\mathbf{n}(t)=-mg\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\cdot\mathbf{n}(t)+p(t)|\mathbf{n}(t)|^2

Substituting in

mh′′(x(t)) x′(t)2=−mg+p(t)[1+h′(x(t))2]  ⟹  p(t)[1+h′(x(t))2]=m(g+h′′(x(t)) x′(t)2)\begin{aligned} mh''\big(x(t)\big)\,x'(t)^2&=-mg+p(t)\left[1+h'\big(x(t)\big)^2\right] \\ \implies p(t)\left[1+h'\big(x(t)\big)^2\right] &=m\Big(g+h''\big(x(t)\big)\,x'(t)^2\Big) \end{aligned}

As long as p(t)≥0p(t)\ge 0, the hill is pushing up in order to keep the skier on the surface. When p(t)p(t) becomes negative, the hill has to pull on the skier in order to keep her on the surface. But the hill can't pull, so the skier becomes airborne instead. This happens when

g+h′′(x(t))x′(t)2=0g+h''\big(x(t)\big)x'(t)^2=0

That is when x′(t)=−g/h′′(x(t))x'(t)=\sqrt{-g/h''\big(x(t)\big)}. At this time x(t)=x0x(t)=x_0, y(t)=y0y(t)=y_0 and the speed of the skier is

x′(t)2+y′(t)2=1+h′(x0)2−g/h′′(x0)\sqrt{x'(t)^2+y'(t)^2} =\sqrt{1+h'\big(x_0\big)^2}\sqrt{-g/h''\big(x_0\big)}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-3 · 1.2절 · 35번
# 벡터의 연산활용도전자동 분류
2.CLP-3 · 1.4절 · 19번대학 수준우리말 번역

점 P(5,−10,2)P(5,-10,2) 와 세 꼭짓점이 A(0,1,1)A(0,1,1), B(1,0,1)B(1,0,1), C(1,3,0)C(1,3,0) 인 삼각형을 생각하세요.

(a) 삼각형 ABCABC 의 넓이를 구하세요. (b) 점 PP 에서 이 삼각형을 포함하는 평면까지의 거리를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Consider a point P(5,−10,2)P(5,-10,2) and the triangle with vertices A(0,1,1)A(0,1,1), B(1,0,1)B(1,0,1) and C(1,3,0)C(1,3,0).

(a) Compute the area of the triangle ABCABC. (b) Find the distance from the point PP to the plane containing the triangle.

답 쓰고 채점
(a)
(b)
정답·풀이 보기

(a) 삼각형의 한 변은 AB→=<1,0,1>−<0,1,1>=<1,−1,0>\overrightarrow{AB}=\left< 1,0,1\right> - \left< 0,1,1\right> = \left< 1,-1,0\right> 이다. 삼각형의 다른 한 변은 AC→=<1,3,0>−<0,1,1>=<1,2,−1>\overrightarrow{AC}=\left< 1,3,0\right> - \left< 0,1,1\right> = \left< 1,2,-1\right> 이다. AB→\overrightarrow{AB} 와 AC→\overrightarrow{AC} 가 이루는 각을 θ\theta 라 하고 AB→\overrightarrow{AB} 를 삼각형의 밑변으로 잡으면, 삼각형의 밑변의 길이는 b=∣AB→∣b=|\overrightarrow{AB}| 이고 높이는 h=∣AC→∣sin⁡θh=|\overrightarrow{AC}|\sin\theta 이므로

area=12bh=12∣AB→∣ ∣AC→∣sin⁡θ=12∣AB→×AC→∣=12∣<1,−1,0>×<1,2,−1>∣\text{area}=\tfrac{1}{2} bh =\tfrac{1}{2} |\overrightarrow{AB}|\,|\overrightarrow{AC}|\sin\theta =\tfrac{1}{2}|\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}| =\tfrac{1}{2}|\left< 1,-1,0\right> \times \left< 1,2,-1\right>|

그런데

<1,−1,0>×<1,2,−1>=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^1−1012−1]=ı^+ȷ^+3k^\left< 1,-1,0\right>\times\left< 1,2,-1\right> =\det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 1 & 2 & -1 \end{matrix}\right] =\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+3\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이므로

area=12∣<1,1,3>∣=1211≈1.658\text{area}=\tfrac{1}{2}|\left< 1,1,3\right>|=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{11}\approx 1.658

이다.

(b) 삼각형을 포함하는 평면에 수직인 단위벡터는

n^=AB→×AC→∣AB→×AC→∣=<1,1,3>11\hat{\mathbf{n}}=\frac{\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}} {|\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}|} =\frac{\left< 1,1,3\right>}{\sqrt{11}}

이다.

PP 에서 삼각형을 포함하는 평면까지의 거리는 AP→=<5,−10,2>−<0,1,1>=<5,−11,1>\overrightarrow{AP}=\left< 5,-10,2\right>-\left< 0,1,1\right> =\left< 5,-11,1\right> 을 n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} 위로 정사영한 벡터의 길이와 같다. AP→\overrightarrow{AP} 와 n^\hat{\mathbf{n}} 이 이루는 각을 θ\theta 라 하면 이 길이는 다음과 같다.

distance=∣AP→∣ ∣cos⁡θ∣=∣AP→⋅n^∣=∣<5,−11,1>⋅<1,1,3>11∣=311≈0.9045\text{distance}= |\overrightarrow{AP}|\,|\cos\theta| =\big|\overrightarrow{AP}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\big| =\left|\left< 5,-11,1\right>\cdot\frac{\left< 1,1,3\right>}{\sqrt{11}}\right| =\frac{3}{\sqrt{11}}\approx 0.9045

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) One side of the triangle is AB→=<1,0,1>−<0,1,1>=<1,−1,0>\overrightarrow{AB}=\left< 1,0,1\right> - \left< 0,1,1\right> = \left< 1,-1,0\right>. A second side of the triangle is AC→=<1,3,0>−<0,1,1>=<1,2,−1>\overrightarrow{AC}=\left< 1,3,0\right> - \left< 0,1,1\right> = \left< 1,2,-1\right>. If the angle between AB→\overrightarrow{AB} and AC→\overrightarrow{AC} is θ\theta and if we take AB→\overrightarrow{AB} as the base of the triangle, then the triangle has base length b=∣AB→∣b=|\overrightarrow{AB}| and height h=∣AC→∣sin⁡θh=|\overrightarrow{AC}|\sin\theta and hence

area=12bh=12∣AB→∣ ∣AC→∣sin⁡θ=12∣AB→×AC→∣=12∣<1,−1,0>×<1,2,−1>∣\text{area}=\tfrac{1}{2} bh =\tfrac{1}{2} |\overrightarrow{AB}|\,|\overrightarrow{AC}|\sin\theta =\tfrac{1}{2}|\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}| =\tfrac{1}{2}|\left< 1,-1,0\right> \times \left< 1,2,-1\right>|

As

<1,−1,0>×<1,2,−1>=det⁡[ı^ȷ^k^1−1012−1]=ı^+ȷ^+3k^\left< 1,-1,0\right>\times\left< 1,2,-1\right> =\det\left[\begin{matrix} \hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} & \hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} & \hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \\ 1 & 2 & -1 \end{matrix}\right] =\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+3\hat{\mathbf{k}}

we have

area=12∣<1,1,3>∣=1211≈1.658\text{area}=\tfrac{1}{2}|\left< 1,1,3\right>|=\tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{11}\approx 1.658

(b) A unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the triangle is

n^=AB→×AC→∣AB→×AC→∣=<1,1,3>11\hat{\mathbf{n}}=\frac{\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}} {|\overrightarrow{AB}\times\overrightarrow{AC}|} =\frac{\left< 1,1,3\right>}{\sqrt{11}}

The distance from PP to the plane containing the triangle is the length of the projection of AP→=<5,−10,2>−<0,1,1>=<5,−11,1>\overrightarrow{AP}=\left< 5,-10,2\right>-\left< 0,1,1\right> =\left< 5,-11,1\right> on n^\hat{\mathbf{n}}. If θ\theta the angle between AP→\overrightarrow{AP} and n^\hat{\mathbf{n}}, then this is

distance=∣AP→∣ ∣cos⁡θ∣=∣AP→⋅n^∣=∣<5,−11,1>⋅<1,1,3>11∣=311≈0.9045\text{distance}= |\overrightarrow{AP}|\,|\cos\theta| =\big|\overrightarrow{AP}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}\big| =\left|\left< 5,-11,1\right>\cdot\frac{\left< 1,1,3\right>}{\sqrt{11}}\right| =\frac{3}{\sqrt{11}}\approx 0.9045

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-3 · 1.3절 · 4번
# 직선과 평면의 방정식활용도전자동 분류
3.CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 23번대학 수준우리말 번역

입자가 곡면 z2=12yz^2=12y 와 18x=yz18x=yz 의 교선 C\mathcal{C} 를 따라 위쪽 방향으로 움직인다. 입자가 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있을 때 속도 v\mathbf{v} 와 가속도 a\mathbf{a} 는 다음과 같다. v=6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^a=27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^\mathbf{v} =6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad \mathbf{a} = 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(a) u=z6u=\frac{z}{6} 를 매개변수로 사용하여 C\mathcal{C} 의 벡터 매개변수 방정식을 쓰세요. (b) (0,0,0)(0,0,0) 에서 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 까지 C\mathcal{C} 의 길이를 구하세요. (c) u=u(t)u=u(t) 가 시각 tt 에서 입자의 위치에 해당하는 매개변수 값일 때, 입자가 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있을 때의 dudt\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} 를 구하세요. (d) 입자가 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있을 때의 d2udt2\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A particle moves along the curve C\mathcal{C} of intersection of the surfaces z2=12yz^2=12y and 18x=yz18x=yz in the upward direction. When the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6) its velocity v\mathbf{v} and acceleration a\mathbf{a} are given by v=6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^a=27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^\mathbf{v} =6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad \mathbf{a} = 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(a) Write a vector parametric equation for C\mathcal{C} using u=z6u=\frac{z}{6} as a parameter. (b) Find the length of C\mathcal{C} from (0,0,0)(0,0,0) to (1,3,6)(1,3,6). (c) If u=u(t)u=u(t) is the parameter value for the particle's position at time tt, find dudt\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} when the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6). (d) Find d2udt2\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} when the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6).

정답·풀이 보기

(a) z=6uz=6u, y=z212=3u2y=\frac{z^2}{12}=3u^2, x=yz18=u3x=\frac{yz}{18}=u^3 이므로

r(u)=u3 ı^+3u2 ȷ^+6u k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(u)&=u^3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6u\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \end{aligned}

(b)

r′(u)=3u2 ı^+6u ȷ^+6 k^r′′(u)=6u ı^+6 ȷ^dsdu(u)=∣r′(u)∣=9u4+36u2+36=3(u2+2)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(u)&=3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(u)&=6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}(u)=|\mathbf{r}'(u)| &=\sqrt{9u^4+36u^2+36}=3\big(u^2+2\big)\\ \end{aligned}

∫C ds=∫01dsdu du=∫013(u2+2) du=[u3+6u]01=7\int_\mathcal{C} \ ds =\int_0^1 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}\ \mathrm{d}u =\int_0^1 3\big(u^2+2\big)\ \mathrm{d}u =\big[u^3+6u\big]_0^1 =7

(c) 시각 tt 에서 입자의 위치를 R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) 라 하자. 그러면 R(t)=r(u(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(u(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} 특히 입자가 시각 t1t_1 에 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있으면 u(t1)=1u(t_1)=1 이고 6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^=R′(t1)=r′(1)dudt(t1)=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)dudt(t1)6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}=\mathbf{R}'(t_1)=\mathbf{r}'(1)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) 이므로 dudt(t1)=2\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)=2 이다.

(d) 곱의 미분법과 합성함수의 미분법에 의해 R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(u(t))(dudt)2+r′(u(t))d2udt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(u(t)\big)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 특히

27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^=R′′(t1)=r′′(1)(dudt(t1))2+r′(1)d2udt2(t1)=(6 ı^+6 ȷ^)22+(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)\begin{aligned} 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} &=\mathbf{R}''(t_1)=\mathbf{r}''(1)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \\ &=\big(6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\big)2^2+\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \end{aligned}

간단히 하면 3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)  ⟹  d2udt2(t1)=13\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \implies \frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1)=1

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Since z=6uz=6u, y=z212=3u2y=\frac{z^2}{12}=3u^2 and x=yz18=u3x=\frac{yz}{18}=u^3,

r(u)=u3 ı^+3u2 ȷ^+6u k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(u)&=u^3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6u\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \end{aligned}

(b)

r′(u)=3u2 ı^+6u ȷ^+6 k^r′′(u)=6u ı^+6 ȷ^dsdu(u)=∣r′(u)∣=9u4+36u2+36=3(u2+2)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(u)&=3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(u)&=6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}(u)=|\mathbf{r}'(u)| &=\sqrt{9u^4+36u^2+36}=3\big(u^2+2\big)\\ \end{aligned}

∫C ds=∫01dsdu du=∫013(u2+2) du=[u3+6u]01=7\int_\mathcal{C} \ ds =\int_0^1 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}\ \mathrm{d}u =\int_0^1 3\big(u^2+2\big)\ \mathrm{d}u =\big[u^3+6u\big]_0^1 =7

(c) Denote by R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) the position of the particle at time tt. Then R(t)=r(u(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(u(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} In particular, if the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6) at time t1t_1, then u(t1)=1u(t_1)=1 and 6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^=R′(t1)=r′(1)dudt(t1)=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)dudt(t1)6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}=\mathbf{R}'(t_1)=\mathbf{r}'(1)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) which implies that dudt(t1)=2\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)=2.

(d) By the product and chain rules, R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(u(t))(dudt)2+r′(u(t))d2udt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(u(t)\big)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} In particular,

27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^=R′′(t1)=r′′(1)(dudt(t1))2+r′(1)d2udt2(t1)=(6 ı^+6 ȷ^)22+(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)\begin{aligned} 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} &=\mathbf{R}''(t_1)=\mathbf{r}''(1)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \\ &=\big(6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\big)2^2+\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \end{aligned}

Simplifying 3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)  ⟹  d2udt2(t1)=13\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \implies \frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1)=1

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 22번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
4.CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 24번대학 수준우리말 번역

질량이 m=1m = 1 인 입자가 시각 00 에서 위치 r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}_0 = \frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 와 속도 v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} 를 가진다. 이 입자는 다음 힘을 받아 움직인다.

F(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^.\mathbf{F}(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}.

(a) 시각 tt 에 따른 입자의 위치 r(t)\mathbf{r}(t) 를 구하세요. (b) 시각 t=0t = 0 이후 입자가 평면 x=0x = 0 을 처음으로 지나가는 시각은 언제인지 구하세요. (c) (b)에서 입자가 평면 x=0x = 0 을 지나갈 때의 속도를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A particle of mass m=1m = 1 has position r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}_0 = \frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} and velocity v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} at time 00. It moves under a force

F(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^.\mathbf{F}(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}.

(a) Determine the position r(t)\mathbf{r}(t) of the particle depending on tt. (b) At what time after time t=0t = 0 does the particle cross the plane x=0x = 0 for the first time? (c) What is the velocity of the particle when it crosses the plane x=0x = 0 in part (b)?

정답·풀이 보기

(a) 뉴턴의 운동 법칙에 따라

mr′′(t)=F(t)이므로r′′(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^m\mathbf{r}''(t) = \mathbf{F}(t)\qquad\text{이므로}\qquad \mathbf{r}''(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

한 번 적분하면

r′(t)=−3t22 ı^−cos⁡t ȷ^+e2t k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = -3\frac{t^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - \cos t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} +\mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

이다. 여기서 c\mathbf{c} 는 어떤 상수 벡터이다. 주어진 조건에서 r′(0)=v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{r}'(0)=\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} 이다. 따라서 c=π22 ı^+ȷ^−k^\mathbf{c}=\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}} 이므로

r′(t)=(π22−3t22) ı^+(1−cos⁡t) ȷ^+(e2t−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3t^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2t}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

두 번째로 적분하면

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} + \mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

이다. 여기서 c\mathbf{c} 는 (앞의 것과는 다른) 어떤 상수 벡터이다. 주어진 조건에서 r(0)=r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}(0)=\mathbf{r}_0 =\frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 이다. 따라서 c=0\mathbf{c}=\mathbf{0} 이므로

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

(b) 입자가 평면 x=0x=0 위에 있는 때는 다음과 같다.

0=(π2t2−t32)=t2(π2−t2)  ⟺  t=0,±π\begin{aligned} 0=\left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right) =\frac{t}{2}(\pi^2-t^2) \iff t=0, \pm\pi \end{aligned}

따라서 구하는 시각은 t=πt=\pi 이다.

(c) 시각 t=πt=\pi 에서의 속도는 다음과 같다.

r′(π)=(π22−3π22) ı^+(1−cos⁡π) ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^=−π2 ı^+2 ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(\pi) &= \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3\pi^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos\pi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &= -\pi^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) According to Newton,

mr′′(t)=F(t)so thatr′′(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^m\mathbf{r}''(t) = \mathbf{F}(t)\qquad\text{so that}\qquad \mathbf{r}''(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

Integrating once gives

r′(t)=−3t22 ı^−cos⁡t ȷ^+e2t k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = -3\frac{t^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - \cos t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} +\mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

for some constant vector c\mathbf{c}. We are told that r′(0)=v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{r}'(0)=\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}. This forces c=π22 ı^+ȷ^−k^\mathbf{c}=\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}} so that

r′(t)=(π22−3t22) ı^+(1−cos⁡t) ȷ^+(e2t−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3t^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2t}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

Integrating a second time gives

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} + \mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

for some (other) constant vector c\mathbf{c}. We are told that r(0)=r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}(0)=\mathbf{r}_0 =\frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}. This forces c=0\mathbf{c}=\mathbf{0} so that

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

(b) The particle is in the plane x=0x=0 when

0=(π2t2−t32)=t2(π2−t2)  ⟺  t=0,±π\begin{aligned} 0=\left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right) =\frac{t}{2}(\pi^2-t^2) \iff t=0, \pm\pi \end{aligned}

So the desired time is t=πt=\pi.

(c) At time t=πt=\pi, the velocity is

r′(π)=(π22−3π22) ı^+(1−cos⁡π) ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^=−π2 ı^+2 ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(\pi) &= \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3\pi^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos\pi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &= -\pi^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 10번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
5.CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 25번대학 수준우리말 번역

CC 를 곡면 y=x2y=x^2 과 z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3 의 교선이라 하자. 한 입자가 dxdt>0\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}>0 이도록 일정한 속력으로 CC 를 따라 움직인다. 이 입자는 시각 t=0t=0 에 (0,0,0)(0,0,0) 에 있고, 시각 t=72t=\frac{7}{2} 에 (3,9,18)(3,9,18) 에 있다.

(a) CC 에서 (0,0,0)(0,0,0) 과 (3,9,18)(3,9,18) 사이의 부분의 길이를 구하세요. (b) 입자의 일정한 속력을 구하세요. (c) 입자가 (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) 에 있을 때의 속도를 구하세요. (d) 입자가 (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) 에 있을 때의 가속도를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Let CC be the curve of intersection of the surfaces y=x2y=x^2 and z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3. A particle moves along CC with constant speed such that dxdt>0\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}>0. The particle is at (0,0,0)(0,0,0) at time t=0t=0 and is at (3,9,18)(3,9,18) at time t=72t=\frac{7}{2}.

(a) Find the length of the part of CC between (0,0,0)(0,0,0) and (3,9,18)(3,9,18). (b) Find the constant speed of the particle. (c) Find the velocity of the particle when it is at (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big). (d) Find the acceleration of the particle when it is at (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big).

정답·풀이 보기

(a) CC 를 xx 로 매개화한다. y=x2y=x^2 이고 z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3 이므로,

r(x)=x ı^+x2 ȷ^+23x3 k^r′(x)=ı^+2x ȷ^+2x2 k^r′′(x)=2 ȷ^+4x k^dsdx=∣r′(x)∣=1+4x2+4x4=1+2x2\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(x)&=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+\frac{2}{3}x^3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}'(x)&=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2x^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(x)&=2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4x\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x} &=|\mathbf{r}'(x)| =\sqrt{1+4x^2+4x^4}=1+2x^2\\ \end{aligned}

이고 ∫C ds=∫03dsdx dx=∫03(1+2x2) dx=[x+23x3]03=21\int_C \ \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^3 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\ \mathrm{d}x =\int_0^3 \big(1+2x^2\big)\ \mathrm{d}x ={\Big[x+\frac{2}{3}x^3\Big]}_0^3 =21

(b) 입자는 72\frac{7}{2} 시간 단위 동안 21 단위의 거리를 움직였다. 따라서 속력은 217/2=6\frac{21}{7/2}=6 이다.

(c) 시각 tt 에서 입자의 위치를 R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) 라 하자. 그러면 R(t)=r(x(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(x(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} (a), (b)의 결과와 연쇄 법칙(합성함수의 미분법)에 의해 6=dsdt=dsdxdxdt=(1+2x2)dxdt  ⟹  dxdt=61+2x26=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} \implies \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2x^2} 특히 입자가 (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) 에 있을 때는 x=1x=1 이다. 이때 dxdt=61+2×1=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2\times 1}=2 이고 R′=r′(1)dxdt=(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)2=2ı^+4 ȷ^+4 k^\mathbf{R}'=\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)2 =2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+4\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(d) 곱의 미분법과 연쇄 법칙에 의해 R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(x(t))(dxdt)2+r′(x(t))d2xdt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(x(t)\big){\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 6=(1+2x(t)2)dxdt(t)6=\big(1+2x(t)^2\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) 의 양변에 ddt\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} 를 적용하면 0=4x(dxdt)2+(1+2x2)d2xdt20=4x{\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2+(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 특히 x=1x=1 이고 dxdt=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=2 일 때, 0=4×1(2)2+(3)d2xdt20=4\times 1\big(2\big)^2+(3)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 에서 d2xdt2=−163\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}=-\frac{16}{3} 이고 R′′=(2 ȷ^+4 k^)(2)2−(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)163=−83(2ı^+ ȷ^−2 k^)\mathbf{R}''=\big(2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\big(2\big)^2 -\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{16}{3} = -\frac{8}{3}\big(2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Parametrize CC by xx. Since y=x2y=x^2 and z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3,

r(x)=x ı^+x2 ȷ^+23x3 k^r′(x)=ı^+2x ȷ^+2x2 k^r′′(x)=2 ȷ^+4x k^dsdx=∣r′(x)∣=1+4x2+4x4=1+2x2\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(x)&=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+\frac{2}{3}x^3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}'(x)&=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2x^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(x)&=2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4x\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x} &=|\mathbf{r}'(x)| =\sqrt{1+4x^2+4x^4}=1+2x^2\\ \end{aligned}

and ∫C ds=∫03dsdx dx=∫03(1+2x2) dx=[x+23x3]03=21\int_C \ \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^3 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\ \mathrm{d}x =\int_0^3 \big(1+2x^2\big)\ \mathrm{d}x ={\Big[x+\frac{2}{3}x^3\Big]}_0^3 =21

(b) The particle travelled a distance of 21 units in 72\frac{7}{2} time units. This corresponds to a speed of 217/2=6\frac{21}{7/2}=6.

(c) Denote by R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) the position of the particle at time tt. Then R(t)=r(x(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(x(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} By parts (a) and (b) and the chain rule 6=dsdt=dsdxdxdt=(1+2x2)dxdt  ⟹  dxdt=61+2x26=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} \implies \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2x^2} In particular, the particle is at (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) at x=1x=1. At this time dxdt=61+2×1=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2\times 1}=2 and R′=r′(1)dxdt=(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)2=2ı^+4 ȷ^+4 k^\mathbf{R}'=\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)2 =2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+4\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(d) By the product and chain rules, R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(x(t))(dxdt)2+r′(x(t))d2xdt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(x(t)\big){\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} Applying ddt\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} to 6=(1+2x(t)2)dxdt(t)6=\big(1+2x(t)^2\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) gives 0=4x(dxdt)2+(1+2x2)d2xdt20=4x{\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2+(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} In particular, when x=1x=1 and dxdt=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=2, 0=4×1(2)2+(3)d2xdt20=4\times 1\big(2\big)^2+(3)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} gives d2xdt2=−163\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}=-\frac{16}{3} and R′′=(2 ȷ^+4 k^)(2)2−(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)163=−83(2ı^+ ȷ^−2 k^)\mathbf{R}''=\big(2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\big(2\big)^2 -\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{16}{3} = -\frac{8}{3}\big(2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 24번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
6.CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 26번대학 수준우리말 번역

기둥에 설치된 카메라는 한 바퀴 전체를 돌 수 있다. 이 카메라는 시각 tt 초일 때 기둥에서 동쪽으로 x(t)x(t) 미터, 북쪽으로 y(t)y(t) 미터 떨어진 곳에 있는 물체를 추적하고 있다.

카메라가 항상 물체를 정면으로 향하게 하려면, 시각 tt 에서 카메라가 얼마나 빠르게 회전하도록 설정해야 하는지 구하세요. (답은 x(t)x(t), y(t)y(t) 와 이들의 도함수를 이용하여 단위 rad/sec 로 나타내세요.)

영어 원문 보기

A camera mounted to a pole can swivel around in a full circle. It is tracking an object whose position at time tt seconds is x(t)x(t) metres east of the pole, and y(t)y(t) metres north of the pole.

In order to always be pointing directly at the object, how fast should the camera be programmed to rotate at time tt? (Give your answer in terms of x(t)x(t) and y(t)y(t) and their derivatives, in the units rad/sec.)

정답·풀이 보기

이 문제는 카메라를 원점에 둔 xyxy–평면으로 이미 설정되어 있으므로, 카메라가 향하는 방향의 벡터는 (x(t),y(t))(x(t),y(t)) 이다. θ\theta 를 카메라가 양의 xx축(정동쪽)과 이루는 각이라 하자. 카메라, 물체, 정동쪽 방향(양의 xx축)은 직각삼각형을 이룬다.

그림

tan⁡θ=yxt에 대해 음함수 미분하면:sec⁡2θ dθdt=xy′−yx′x2dθdt=cos⁡2θ(xy′−yx′x2)=(xx2+y2)2(xy′−yx′x2)=xy′−yx′x2+y2\begin{aligned} \tan\theta&=\frac{y}{x}\\ \text{$t$에 대해 음함수 미분하면:} \\ \sec^2\theta\,\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\cos^2\theta\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right)^2\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\frac{xy'-yx'}{{x^2+y^2}} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

The question is already set up as an xyxy–plane, with the camera at the origin, so the vector in the direction the camera is pointing is (x(t),y(t))(x(t),y(t)). Let θ\theta be the angle the camera makes with the positive xx-axis (due east). The camera, the object, and the due-east direction (positive xx-axis) make a right triangle.

figure

tan⁡θ=yxDifferentiating implicitly with respect to t:sec⁡2θ dθdt=xy′−yx′x2dθdt=cos⁡2θ(xy′−yx′x2)=(xx2+y2)2(xy′−yx′x2)=xy′−yx′x2+y2\begin{aligned} \tan\theta&=\frac{y}{x}\\ \text{Differentiating implicitly with respect to $t$:} \\ \sec^2\theta\,\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\cos^2\theta\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right)^2\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\frac{xy'-yx'}{{x^2+y^2}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 25번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
7.CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 27번대학 수준우리말 번역

중력의 영향을 받아 떨어지면서 속력에 비례하는 공기 저항 때문에 느려지는 발사체의 위치가 다음을 만족한다. d2rdt2=−gk^−αdrdt\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}=-g\hat{\mathbf{k}}-\alpha\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} 여기서 α\alpha 는 양의 상수이다. 시각 t=0t=0 에서 r=r0\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{r}_0 이고 drdt=v0\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}=\mathbf{v}_0 일 때, r(t)\mathbf{r}(t) 를 구하세요. (힌트: u(t)=eαtdrdt(t)\mathbf{u}(t)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) 로 정의하고, 주어진 미분방정식에 drdt(t)=e−αtu(t)\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t)=e^{-\alpha t}\mathbf{u}(t) 를 대입하여 u\mathbf{u} 에 대한 미분방정식을 구하세요.)

영어 원문 보기

A projectile falling under the influence of gravity and slowed by air resistance proportional to its speed has position satisfying d2rdt2=−gk^−αdrdt\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}=-g\hat{\mathbf{k}}-\alpha\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} where α\alpha is a positive constant. If r=r0\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{r}_0 and drdt=v0\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}=\mathbf{v}_0 at time t=0t=0, find r(t)\mathbf{r}(t). (Hint: Define u(t)=eαtdrdt(t)\mathbf{u}(t)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) and substitute drdt(t)=e−αtu(t)\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t)=e^{-\alpha t}\mathbf{u}(t) into the given differential equation to find a differential equation for u\mathbf{u}.)

정답·풀이 보기

u(t)=eαtdrdt(t)\mathbf{u}(t)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) 로 정의하자. 그러면

dudt(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)+eαtd2rdt2(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)−geαtk^−αeαtdrdt(t)=−geαtk^\begin{aligned} \frac{d\mathbf{u}}{dt}(t)&=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) +e^{\alpha t}\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}(t)\\ &=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) -ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}} -\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t)\\ &=-ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \end{aligned}

이 식의 양변을 t=0t=0 에서 t=Tt=T 까지 적분하면

u(T)−u(0)=−geαT−1αk^  ⟹  u(T)=u(0)−geαT−1αk^=drdt(0)−geαT−1αk^=v0−geαT−1αk^\begin{aligned} &\mathbf{u}(T)-\mathbf{u}(0)=-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &\implies \mathbf{u}(T)=\mathbf{u}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

u(T)=eαtdrdt(T)\mathbf{u}(T)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(T) 를 대입하고 양변에 e−αTe^{-\alpha T} 를 곱하면 drdt(T)=e−αTv0−g1−e−αTαk^\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(T) =e^{-\alpha T}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{1-e^{-\alpha T}}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} 이 식의 양변을 T=0T=0 에서 T=tT=t 까지 적분하면

r(t)−r(0)=e−αt−1−αv0−gtαk^+ge−αt−1−α2k^  ⟹  r(t)=r0−e−αt−1αv0+g1−αt−e−αtα2k^\begin{aligned} &\mathbf{r}(t)-\mathbf{r}(0) =\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{ t}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} +g\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &\implies \mathbf{r}(t)=\mathbf{r}_0-\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0 +g\frac{1-\alpha t-e^{-\alpha t}}{\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Define u(t)=eαtdrdt(t)\mathbf{u}(t)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t). Then

dudt(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)+eαtd2rdt2(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)−geαtk^−αeαtdrdt(t)=−geαtk^\begin{aligned} \frac{d\mathbf{u}}{dt}(t)&=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) +e^{\alpha t}\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}(t)\\ &=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) -ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}} -\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t)\\ &=-ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \end{aligned}

Integrating both sides of this equation from t=0t=0 to t=Tt=T gives

u(T)−u(0)=−geαT−1αk^  ⟹  u(T)=u(0)−geαT−1αk^=drdt(0)−geαT−1αk^=v0−geαT−1αk^\begin{aligned} &\mathbf{u}(T)-\mathbf{u}(0)=-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &\implies \mathbf{u}(T)=\mathbf{u}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

Substituting in u(T)=eαtdrdt(T)\mathbf{u}(T)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(T) and multiplying through by e−αTe^{-\alpha T} drdt(T)=e−αTv0−g1−e−αTαk^\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(T) =e^{-\alpha T}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{1-e^{-\alpha T}}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} Integrating both sides of this equation from T=0T=0 to T=tT=t gives

r(t)−r(0)=e−αt−1−αv0−gtαk^+ge−αt−1−α2k^  ⟹  r(t)=r0−e−αt−1αv0+g1−αt−e−αtα2k^\begin{aligned} &\mathbf{r}(t)-\mathbf{r}(0) =\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{ t}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} +g\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &\implies \mathbf{r}(t)=\mathbf{r}_0-\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0 +g\frac{1-\alpha t-e^{-\alpha t}}{\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-3 · 1.6절 · 17번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
8.CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 25번대학 수준우리말 번역

한 입자가 곡면 z2=12yz^2=12y 와 18x=yz18x=yz 의 교선인 곡선 C\mathcal{C} 를 따라 위쪽 방향으로 움직인다. 입자가 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있을 때 속도 v\mathbf{v} 와 가속도 a\mathbf{a} 는 다음과 같다. v=6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^a=27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^\mathbf{v} =6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad \mathbf{a} = 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(a) u=z6u=\frac{z}{6} 를 매개변수로 사용하여 C\mathcal{C} 의 벡터 매개변수 방정식을 쓰세요. (b) (0,0,0)(0,0,0) 에서 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 까지 C\mathcal{C} 의 길이를 구하세요. (c) u=u(t)u=u(t) 가 시각 tt 에서 입자의 위치에 해당하는 매개변수 값일 때, 입자가 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있을 때의 dudt\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} 를 구하세요. (d) 입자가 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있을 때의 d2udt2\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A particle moves along the curve C\mathcal{C} of intersection of the surfaces z2=12yz^2=12y and 18x=yz18x=yz in the upward direction. When the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6) its velocity v\mathbf{v} and acceleration a\mathbf{a} are given by v=6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^a=27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^\mathbf{v} =6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\qquad \mathbf{a} = 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(a) Write a vector parametric equation for C\mathcal{C} using u=z6u=\frac{z}{6} as a parameter. (b) Find the length of C\mathcal{C} from (0,0,0)(0,0,0) to (1,3,6)(1,3,6). (c) If u=u(t)u=u(t) is the parameter value for the particle's position at time tt, find dudt\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} when the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6). (d) Find d2udt2\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} when the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6).

정답·풀이 보기

(a) z=6uz=6u 이므로 y=z212=3u2y=\frac{z^2}{12}=3u^2 이고 x=yz18=u3x=\frac{yz}{18}=u^3 이다.

r(u)=u3 ı^+3u2 ȷ^+6u k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(u)&=u^3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6u\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

(b)

r′(u)=3u2 ı^+6u ȷ^+6 k^r′′(u)=6u ı^+6 ȷ^dsdu(u)=∣r′(u)∣=9u4+36u2+36=3(u2+2)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(u)&=3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(u)&=6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}(u)=|\mathbf{r}'(u)| &=\sqrt{9u^4+36u^2+36}=3\big(u^2+2\big)\\ \end{aligned}

∫C ds=∫01dsdu du=∫013(u2+2) du=[u3+6u]01=7\int_\mathcal{C} \ ds =\int_0^1 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}\ \mathrm{d}u =\int_0^1 3\big(u^2+2\big)\ \mathrm{d}u =\big[u^3+6u\big]_0^1 =7

(c) 시각 tt 에서 입자의 위치를 R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) 라 하자. 그러면 R(t)=r(u(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(u(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} 특히, 입자가 시각 t1t_1 에 (1,3,6)(1,3,6) 에 있다면 u(t1)=1u(t_1)=1 이고 6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^=R′(t1)=r′(1)dudt(t1)=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)dudt(t1)6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}=\mathbf{R}'(t_1)=\mathbf{r}'(1)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) 이므로 dudt(t1)=2\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)=2 이다.

(d) 곱의 미분법과 연쇄 법칙에 의해 R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(u(t))(dudt)2+r′(u(t))d2udt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(u(t)\big)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 특히,

27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^=R′′(t1)=r′′(1)(dudt(t1))2+r′(1)d2udt2(t1)=(6 ı^+6 ȷ^)22+(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)\begin{aligned} 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} &=\mathbf{R}''(t_1)=\mathbf{r}''(1)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \\ &=\big(6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\big)2^2+\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \end{aligned}

간단히 하면 3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)  ⟹  d2udt2(t1)=13\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \implies \frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1)=1

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Since z=6uz=6u, y=z212=3u2y=\frac{z^2}{12}=3u^2 and x=yz18=u3x=\frac{yz}{18}=u^3,

r(u)=u3 ı^+3u2 ȷ^+6u k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(u)&=u^3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6u\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

(b)

r′(u)=3u2 ı^+6u ȷ^+6 k^r′′(u)=6u ı^+6 ȷ^dsdu(u)=∣r′(u)∣=9u4+36u2+36=3(u2+2)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(u)&=3u^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(u)&=6u\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}(u)=|\mathbf{r}'(u)| &=\sqrt{9u^4+36u^2+36}=3\big(u^2+2\big)\\ \end{aligned}

∫C ds=∫01dsdu du=∫013(u2+2) du=[u3+6u]01=7\int_\mathcal{C} \ ds =\int_0^1 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}u}\ \mathrm{d}u =\int_0^1 3\big(u^2+2\big)\ \mathrm{d}u =\big[u^3+6u\big]_0^1 =7

(c) Denote by R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) the position of the particle at time tt. Then R(t)=r(u(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(u(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t} In particular, if the particle is at (1,3,6)(1,3,6) at time t1t_1, then u(t1)=1u(t_1)=1 and 6 ı^+12 ȷ^+12 k^=R′(t1)=r′(1)dudt(t1)=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)dudt(t1)6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+12\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+12\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}=\mathbf{R}'(t_1)=\mathbf{r}'(1)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1) which implies that dudt(t1)=2\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)=2.

(d) By the product and chain rules, R′(t)=r′(u(t))dudt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(u(t))(dudt)2+r′(u(t))d2udt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(u(t)\big)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(u(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} In particular,

27 ı^+30 ȷ^+6 k^=R′′(t1)=r′′(1)(dudt(t1))2+r′(1)d2udt2(t1)=(6 ı^+6 ȷ^)22+(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)\begin{aligned} 27\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+30\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} &=\mathbf{R}''(t_1)=\mathbf{r}''(1)\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{d}t}(t_1)\Big)^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \\ &=\big(6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}\big)2^2+\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \end{aligned}

Simplifying 3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^=(3 ı^+6 ȷ^+6 k^)d2udt2(t1)  ⟹  d2udt2(t1)=13\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\big(3\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+6\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+6\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1) \implies \frac{\mathrm{d^2}u}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}(t_1)=1

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 24번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
9.CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 26번대학 수준우리말 번역

질량이 m=1m = 1 인 입자가 시각 00 에서 위치 r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}_0 = \frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 이고 속도 v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} 이다. 이 입자는 다음 힘을 받아 움직인다.

F(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^.\mathbf{F}(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}.

(a) 입자의 위치 r(t)\mathbf{r}(t) 를 tt 에 대한 식으로 구하세요. (b) 시각 t=0t = 0 이후 입자가 평면 x=0x = 0 을 처음으로 지나는 시각은 언제인지 구하세요. (c) (b)에서 입자가 평면 x=0x = 0 을 지날 때의 속도를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A particle of mass m=1m = 1 has position r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}_0 = \frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} and velocity v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} at time 00. It moves under a force

F(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^.\mathbf{F}(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}.

(a) Determine the position r(t)\mathbf{r}(t) of the particle depending on tt. (b) At what time after time t=0t = 0 does the particle cross the plane x=0x = 0 for the first time? (c) What is the velocity of the particle when it crosses the plane x=0x = 0 in part (b)?

정답·풀이 보기

(a) 뉴턴의 법칙에 따라

mr′′(t)=F(t)이므로r′′(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^m\mathbf{r}''(t) = \mathbf{F}(t)\qquad\text{이므로}\qquad \mathbf{r}''(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

한 번 적분하면

r′(t)=−3t22 ı^−cos⁡t ȷ^+e2t k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = -3\frac{t^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - \cos t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} +\mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

이다. 여기서 c\mathbf{c} 는 어떤 상수 벡터이다. 주어진 조건 r′(0)=v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{r}'(0)=\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} 에서 c=π22 ı^+ȷ^−k^\mathbf{c}=\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}} 이므로

r′(t)=(π22−3t22) ı^+(1−cos⁡t) ȷ^+(e2t−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3t^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2t}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이다.

한 번 더 적분하면

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} + \mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

이다. 여기서 c\mathbf{c} 는 (앞의 것과는 다른) 어떤 상수 벡터이다. 주어진 조건 r(0)=r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}(0)=\mathbf{r}_0 =\frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} 에서 c=0\mathbf{c}=\mathbf{0} 이므로

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이다.

(b) 입자가 평면 x=0x=0 위에 있는 것은

0=(π2t2−t32)=t2(π2−t2)  ⟺  t=0,±π\begin{aligned} 0=\left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right) =\frac{t}{2}(\pi^2-t^2) \iff t=0, \pm\pi \end{aligned}

일 때이다. 따라서 구하는 시각은 t=πt=\pi 이다.

(c) 시각 t=πt=\pi 에서의 속도는

r′(π)=(π22−3π22) ı^+(1−cos⁡π) ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^=−π2 ı^+2 ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(\pi) &= \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3\pi^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos\pi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &= -\pi^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) According to Newton,

mr′′(t)=F(t)so thatr′′(t)=−3t ı^+sin⁡t ȷ^+2e2t k^m\mathbf{r}''(t) = \mathbf{F}(t)\qquad\text{so that}\qquad \mathbf{r}''(t) = -3t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} + \sin t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + 2e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

Integrating once gives

r′(t)=−3t22 ı^−cos⁡t ȷ^+e2t k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = -3\frac{t^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} - \cos t\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + e^{2t}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} +\mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

for some constant vector c\mathbf{c}. We are told that r′(0)=v0=π22 ı^\mathbf{r}'(0)=\mathbf{v}_0 =\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}. This forces c=π22 ı^+ȷ^−k^\mathbf{c}=\frac{\pi^2}{2}\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-\hat{\mathbf{k}} so that

r′(t)=(π22−3t22) ı^+(1−cos⁡t) ȷ^+(e2t−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3t^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2t}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

Integrating a second time gives

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^+c\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} + \mathbf{c} \end{aligned}

for some (other) constant vector c\mathbf{c}. We are told that r(0)=r0=12 k^\mathbf{r}(0)=\mathbf{r}_0 =\frac{1}{2}\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}. This forces c=0\mathbf{c}=\mathbf{0} so that

r(t)=(π2t2−t32) ı^+(t−sin⁡t) ȷ^+(12e2t−t) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t) = \left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(t- \sin t)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \left(\frac{1}{2}e^{2t}-t\right)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

(b) The particle is in the plane x=0x=0 when

0=(π2t2−t32)=t2(π2−t2)  ⟺  t=0,±π\begin{aligned} 0=\left(\frac{\pi^2 t}{2}-\frac{t^3}{2}\right) =\frac{t}{2}(\pi^2-t^2) \iff t=0, \pm\pi \end{aligned}

So the desired time is t=πt=\pi.

(c) At time t=πt=\pi, the velocity is

r′(π)=(π22−3π22) ı^+(1−cos⁡π) ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^=−π2 ı^+2 ȷ^+(e2π−1) k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}'(\pi) &= \left(\frac{\pi^2}{2}-\frac{3\pi^2}{2}\right)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +(1- \cos\pi)\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \\ &= -\pi^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}} +2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}} + \big(e^{2\pi}-1\big)\,\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 31번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
10.CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 27번대학 수준우리말 번역

CC 를 곡면 y=x2y=x^2 과 z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3 의 교선이 만드는 곡선이라 하자. 한 입자가 dxdt>0\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}>0 이고 일정한 속력으로 CC 를 따라 움직인다. 이 입자는 시각 t=0t=0 에 (0,0,0)(0,0,0) 에 있고, 시각 t=72t=\frac{7}{2} 에 (3,9,18)(3,9,18) 에 있다.

(a) CC 에서 (0,0,0)(0,0,0) 과 (3,9,18)(3,9,18) 사이 부분의 길이를 구하세요. (b) 입자의 일정한 속력을 구하세요. (c) 입자가 (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) 에 있을 때 입자의 속도를 구하세요. (d) 입자가 (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) 에 있을 때 입자의 가속도를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

Let CC be the curve of intersection of the surfaces y=x2y=x^2 and z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3. A particle moves along CC with constant speed such that dxdt>0\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}>0. The particle is at (0,0,0)(0,0,0) at time t=0t=0 and is at (3,9,18)(3,9,18) at time t=72t=\frac{7}{2}.

(a) Find the length of the part of CC between (0,0,0)(0,0,0) and (3,9,18)(3,9,18). (b) Find the constant speed of the particle. (c) Find the velocity of the particle when it is at (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big). (d) Find the acceleration of the particle when it is at (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big).

정답·풀이 보기

(a) CC 를 xx 로 매개화한다. y=x2y=x^2 이고 z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3 이므로

r(x)=x ı^+x2 ȷ^+23x3 k^r′(x)=ı^+2x ȷ^+2x2 k^r′′(x)=2 ȷ^+4x k^dsdx=∣r′(x)∣=1+4x2+4x4=1+2x2\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(x)&=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+\frac{2}{3}x^3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}'(x)&=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2x^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(x)&=2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4x\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x} &=|\mathbf{r}'(x)| =\sqrt{1+4x^2+4x^4}=1+2x^2 \end{aligned}

이고 ∫C ds=∫03dsdx dx=∫03(1+2x2) dx=[x+23x3]03=21\int_C \ \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^3 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\ \mathrm{d}x =\int_0^3 \big(1+2x^2\big)\ \mathrm{d}x ={\Big[x+\frac{2}{3}x^3\Big]}_0^3 =21

(b) 입자는 72\frac{7}{2} 시간 단위 동안 21 단위의 거리를 이동했다. 따라서 속력은 217/2=6\frac{21}{7/2}=6 이다.

(c) 시각 tt 에서 입자의 위치를 R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) 라 하자. 그러면 R(t)=r(x(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(x(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} (a), (b)와 합성함수의 미분법에 의해 6=dsdt=dsdxdxdt=(1+2x2)dxdt  ⟹  dxdt=61+2x26=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} \implies \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2x^2} 특히, 입자가 (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) 에 있는 때는 x=1x=1 일 때이다. 이때 dxdt=61+2×1=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2\times 1}=2 이고 R′=r′(1)dxdt=(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)2=2ı^+4 ȷ^+4 k^\mathbf{R}'=\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)2 =2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+4\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(d) 곱의 미분법과 합성함수의 미분법에 의해 R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(x(t))(dxdt)2+r′(x(t))d2xdt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(x(t)\big){\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 6=(1+2x(t)2)dxdt(t)6=\big(1+2x(t)^2\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) 의 양변에 ddt\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} 를 적용하면 0=4x(dxdt)2+(1+2x2)d2xdt20=4x{\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2+(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 특히, x=1x=1 이고 dxdt=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=2 일 때, 0=4×1(2)2+(3)d2xdt20=4\times 1\big(2\big)^2+(3)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} 에서 d2xdt2=−163\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}=-\frac{16}{3} 이고 R′′=(2 ȷ^+4 k^)(2)2−(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)163=−83(2ı^+ ȷ^−2 k^)\mathbf{R}''=\big(2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\big(2\big)^2 -\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{16}{3} = -\frac{8}{3}\big(2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) Parametrize CC by xx. Since y=x2y=x^2 and z=23x3z=\frac{2}{3}x^3,

r(x)=x ı^+x2 ȷ^+23x3 k^r′(x)=ı^+2x ȷ^+2x2 k^r′′(x)=2 ȷ^+4x k^dsdx=∣r′(x)∣=1+4x2+4x4=1+2x2\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(x)&=x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+x^2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+\frac{2}{3}x^3\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}'(x)&=\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2x\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2x^2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \mathbf{r}''(x)&=2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4x\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x} &=|\mathbf{r}'(x)| =\sqrt{1+4x^2+4x^4}=1+2x^2 \end{aligned}

and ∫C ds=∫03dsdx dx=∫03(1+2x2) dx=[x+23x3]03=21\int_C \ \mathrm{d}s =\int_0^3 \frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\ \mathrm{d}x =\int_0^3 \big(1+2x^2\big)\ \mathrm{d}x ={\Big[x+\frac{2}{3}x^3\Big]}_0^3 =21

(b) The particle travelled a distance of 21 units in 72\frac{7}{2} time units. This corresponds to a speed of 217/2=6\frac{21}{7/2}=6.

(c) Denote by R(t)\mathbf{R}(t) the position of the particle at time tt. Then R(t)=r(x(t))  ⟹  R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt\mathbf{R}(t)=\mathbf{r}\big(x(t)\big)\implies \mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} By parts (a) and (b) and the chain rule 6=dsdt=dsdxdxdt=(1+2x2)dxdt  ⟹  dxdt=61+2x26=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}x}\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} \implies \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2x^2} In particular, the particle is at (1,1,23)\big(1,1,\frac{2}{3}\big) at x=1x=1. At this time dxdt=61+2×1=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{6}{1+2\times 1}=2 and R′=r′(1)dxdt=(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)2=2ı^+4 ȷ^+4 k^\mathbf{R}'=\mathbf{r}'\big(1\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t} =\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)2 =2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+4\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}

(d) By the product and chain rules, R′(t)=r′(x(t))dxdt  ⟹  R′′(t)=r′′(x(t))(dxdt)2+r′(x(t))d2xdt2\mathbf{R}'(t)=\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\implies \mathbf{R}''(t)=\mathbf{r}''\big(x(t)\big){\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2 +\mathbf{r}'\big(x(t)\big)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} Applying ddt\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} to 6=(1+2x(t)2)dxdt(t)6=\big(1+2x(t)^2\big)\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) gives 0=4x(dxdt)2+(1+2x2)d2xdt20=4x{\Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)}^2+(1+2x^2)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} In particular, when x=1x=1 and dxdt=2\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}=2, 0=4×1(2)2+(3)d2xdt20=4\times 1\big(2\big)^2+(3)\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2} gives d2xdt2=−163\frac{\mathrm{d^2}x}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}=-\frac{16}{3} and R′′=(2 ȷ^+4 k^)(2)2−(ı^+2 ȷ^+2 k^)163=−83(2ı^+ ȷ^−2 k^)\mathbf{R}''=\big(2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+4\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\big(2\big)^2 -\big(\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+2\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}+2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)\frac{16}{3} = -\frac{8}{3}\big(2\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}+\,\hat{\boldsymbol{\jmath}}-2\,\hat{\mathbf{k}}\big)

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 30번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
11.CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 28번대학 수준우리말 번역

기둥에 설치된 카메라는 한 바퀴 전체를 돌 수 있다. 이 카메라가 한 물체를 추적하고 있는데, 시각 tt초에서 그 물체의 위치는 기둥으로부터 동쪽으로 x(t)x(t) 미터, 북쪽으로 y(t)y(t) 미터이다.

카메라가 항상 물체를 똑바로 향하려면, 시각 tt에서 카메라가 얼마나 빠르게 회전하도록 프로그램해야 하는지 구하세요. (답은 x(t)x(t), y(t)y(t) 및 이들의 도함수를 이용하여 rad/sec 단위로 나타내세요.)

영어 원문 보기

A camera mounted to a pole can swivel around in a full circle. It is tracking an object whose position at time tt seconds is x(t)x(t) metres east of the pole, and y(t)y(t) metres north of the pole.

In order to always be pointing directly at the object, how fast should the camera be programmed to rotate at time tt? (Give your answer in terms of x(t)x(t) and y(t)y(t) and their derivatives, in the units rad/sec.)

정답·풀이 보기

이 문제는 이미 카메라를 원점으로 하는 xyxy평면으로 설정되어 있으므로, 카메라가 향하는 방향의 벡터는 (x(t),y(t))(x(t),y(t))이다. θ\theta를 카메라가 양의 xx축(정동쪽)과 이루는 각이라 하자. 카메라, 물체, 정동쪽 방향(양의 xx축)은 직각삼각형을 이룬다.

그림

tan⁡θ=yxt에 대해 음함수 미분하면:sec⁡2θ dθdt=xy′−yx′x2dθdt=cos⁡2θ(xy′−yx′x2)=(xx2+y2)2(xy′−yx′x2)=xy′−yx′x2+y2\begin{aligned} \tan\theta&=\frac{y}{x}\\ \text{$t$에 대해 음함수 미분하면:} \\ \sec^2\theta\,\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\cos^2\theta\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right)^2\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\frac{xy'-yx'}{{x^2+y^2}} \end{aligned}

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

The question is already set up as an xyxy-plane, with the camera at the origin, so the vector in the direction the camera is pointing is (x(t),y(t))(x(t),y(t)). Let θ\theta be the angle the camera makes with the positive xx-axis (due east). The camera, the object, and the due-east direction (positive xx-axis) make a right triangle.

figure

tan⁡θ=yxDifferentiating implicitly with respect to t:sec⁡2θ dθdt=xy′−yx′x2dθdt=cos⁡2θ(xy′−yx′x2)=(xx2+y2)2(xy′−yx′x2)=xy′−yx′x2+y2\begin{aligned} \tan\theta&=\frac{y}{x}\\ \text{Differentiating implicitly with respect to $t$:} \\ \sec^2\theta\,\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\\ \frac{\mathrm{d}\theta}{\mathrm{d}t}&=\cos^2\theta\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}\right)^2\left(\frac{xy'-yx'}{x^2}\right)=\frac{xy'-yx'}{{x^2+y^2}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 27번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
12.CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 29번대학 수준우리말 번역

반지름이 3인 관이 곡선 r(t)=(223t3/2 , 12t2 , t+2)\mathbf{r}(t)=(\frac{2\sqrt2}{3}t^{3/2}~,~\frac12t^2~,~t+2) (0≤t≤100 \le t \le 10)의 경로를 따라 놓여 있다.

이 관의 내부 부피를 구하세요. 또 이 관의 겉넓이를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A pipe of radius 3 follows the path of the curve r(t)=(223t3/2 , 12t2 , t+2)\mathbf{r}(t)=(\frac{2\sqrt2}{3}t^{3/2}~,~\frac12t^2~,~t+2), for 0≤t≤100 \le t \le 10.

What is the volume inside the pipe? What is the surface area of the pipe?

정답·풀이 보기

파푸스의 정리를 이용하면, 이 관과 길이와 반지름이 같은 관의 겉넓이와 부피를 계산할 수 있다. 따라서 관의 길이 LL을 구해야 한다.

drdt=(2t,t,1)∣drdt∣=2t+t2+1=∣t+1∣L=∫010(t+1)dt=60\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}&=(\sqrt{2t},t,1)\\ \left| \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}\right|&=\sqrt{2t+t^2+1}=|t+1|\\ L&=\int_0^{10}(t+1)\mathrm{d}t=60 \end{aligned}

반지름이 3이고 길이가 60인 관의 겉넓이는 60(2π⋅3)=360π60(2\pi\cdot 3)=360\pi이고, 부피는 60(π⋅32)=540π60(\pi \cdot3^2)=540\pi이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Using the Theorem of Pappus, we can calculate the surface area and volume of a pipe with the same length and radius as this pipe. So, we need to find the length of the pipe, LL.

drdt=(2t,t,1)∣drdt∣=2t+t2+1=∣t+1∣L=∫010(t+1)dt=60\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}&=(\sqrt{2t},t,1)\\ \left| \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}\right|&=\sqrt{2t+t^2+1}=|t+1|\\ L&=\int_0^{10}(t+1)\mathrm{d}t=60 \end{aligned}

A pipe with radius 3 and length 60 has surface area 60(2π⋅3)=360π60(2\pi\cdot 3)=360\pi and volume 60(π⋅32)=540π60(\pi \cdot3^2)=540\pi.

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 28번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
13.CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 31번대학 수준우리말 번역

중력의 영향을 받아 떨어지면서 속력에 비례하는 공기 저항으로 느려지는 발사체의 위치는 다음을 만족한다.

d2rdt2=−gk^−αdrdt\frac{\mathrm{d^2}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}=-g\hat{\mathbf{k}}-\alpha\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}

여기서 α\alpha 는 양의 상수이다. 시각 t=0t=0 에서 r=r0\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{r}_0 이고 drdt=v0\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}=\mathbf{v}_0 일 때, r(t)\mathbf{r}(t) 를 구하세요.

영어 원문 보기

A projectile falling under the influence of gravity and slowed by air resistance proportional to its speed has position satisfying

d2rdt2=−gk^−αdrdt\frac{\mathrm{d^2}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^2}=-g\hat{\mathbf{k}}-\alpha\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}

where α\alpha is a positive constant. If r=r0\mathbf{r}=\mathbf{r}_0 and drdt=v0\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}=\mathbf{v}_0 at time t=0t=0, find r(t)\mathbf{r}(t).

정답·풀이 보기

u(t)=eαtdrdt(t)\mathbf{u}(t)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t) 로 정의하자. 그러면

dudt(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)+eαtd2rdt2(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)−geαtk^−αeαtdrdt(t)=−geαtk^\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{u}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)&=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) +e^{\alpha t}\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}(t)\\ &=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) -ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}} -\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)\\ &=-ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이 등식의 양변을 t=0t=0 에서 t=Tt=T 까지 적분하면

u(T)−u(0)=−geαT−1αk^\mathbf{u}(T)-\mathbf{u}(0)=-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이므로

u(T)=u(0)−geαT−1αk^=drdt(0)−geαT−1αk^=v0−geαT−1αk^\mathbf{u}(T)=\mathbf{u}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이다. u(T)=eαtdrdt(T)\mathbf{u}(T)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(T) 를 대입하고 양변에 e−αTe^{-\alpha T} 를 곱하면

drdt(T)=e−αTv0−g1−e−αTαk^\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(T) =e^{-\alpha T}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{1-e^{-\alpha T}}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}}

이다. 이 등식의 양변을 T=0T=0 에서 T=tT=t 까지 적분하면

r(t)−r(0)=e−αt−1−αv0−gtαk^+ge−αt−1−α2k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t)-\mathbf{r}(0) =\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{ t}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} +g\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이므로

r(t)=r0−e−αt−1αv0+g1−αt−e−αtα2k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t)=\mathbf{r}_0-\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0 +g\frac{1-\alpha t-e^{-\alpha t}}{\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

Define u(t)=eαtdrdt(t)\mathbf{u}(t)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(t). Then

dudt(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)+eαtd2rdt2(t)=αeαtdrdt(t)−geαtk^−αeαtdrdt(t)=−geαtk^\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{u}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)&=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) +e^{\alpha t}\frac{d^2\mathbf{r}}{dt^2}(t)\\ &=\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t) -ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}} -\alpha e^{\alpha t}\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(t)\\ &=-ge^{\alpha t}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

Integrating both sides of this equation from t=0t=0 to t=Tt=T gives

u(T)−u(0)=−geαT−1αk^\mathbf{u}(T)-\mathbf{u}(0)=-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}}

so that

u(T)=u(0)−geαT−1αk^=drdt(0)−geαT−1αk^=v0−geαT−1αk^\mathbf{u}(T)=\mathbf{u}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(0)-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} =\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{e^{\alpha T}-1}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}}

Substituting in u(T)=eαtdrdt(T)\mathbf{u}(T)=e^{\alpha t}\frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}(T) and multiplying through by e−αTe^{-\alpha T} gives

drdt(T)=e−αTv0−g1−e−αTαk^\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{r}}{\mathrm{d}t}(T) =e^{-\alpha T}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{1-e^{-\alpha T}}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}}

Integrating both sides of this equation from T=0T=0 to T=tT=t gives

r(t)−r(0)=e−αt−1−αv0−gtαk^+ge−αt−1−α2k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t)-\mathbf{r}(0) =\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0-g\frac{ t}{\alpha}\hat{\mathbf{k}} +g\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{-\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

so that

r(t)=r0−e−αt−1αv0+g1−αt−e−αtα2k^\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(t)=\mathbf{r}_0-\frac{e^{-\alpha t}-1}{\alpha}\mathbf{v}_0 +g\frac{1-\alpha t-e^{-\alpha t}}{\alpha^2}\hat{\mathbf{k}} \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기CLP-4 · 1.1절 · 25번
# 벡터함수의 미분과 적분활용도전자동 분류
CLP-4 Vector Calculus CC BY-NC-SA 4.0우리말 번역: 빌드라인 스쿨 — AI 번역·자동 검토(원문과 같은 조건)
14.CLP-4 · 1.4절 · 31번대학 수준우리말 번역

두 언덕 사이의 경주 트랙이 매개변수 곡선

r(θ)=(4cos⁡θ , 2sin⁡θ , 14cos⁡(2θ)),0≤θ≤2π\mathbf{r}(\theta) = \Big(4 \cos\theta\,,\, 2\sin\theta\,,\, \tfrac{1}{4}\cos(2\theta)\Big),\qquad 0 \le \theta \le 2\pi

로 나타내어진다.

(a) 점 (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big) 에서 트랙의 곡률을 구하세요. (b) 점 (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big) 에서 굽은 부분을 가장 잘 근사하는 원의 반지름(즉, 그 점에서의 접촉원의 반지름)을 구하세요. (c) 자동차가 트랙을 따라 달리며, 시각 tt 에서의 위치가 r(t2)\mathbf{r}(t^2) 으로 주어진다. (tt 와 θ\theta 의 관계는 θ=t2\theta = t^2 임에 유의하세요.) 다음 양을 구하세요.

(i) 점 (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big) 에서의 속력 (ii) 점 (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big) 에서의 가속도 (iii) 점 (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big) 에서 가속도의 법선 성분의 크기

영어 원문 보기

A race track between two hills is described by the parametric curve

r(θ)=(4cos⁡θ , 2sin⁡θ , 14cos⁡(2θ)),0≤θ≤2π\mathbf{r}(\theta) = \Big(4 \cos\theta\,,\, 2\sin\theta\,,\, \tfrac{1}{4}\cos(2\theta)\Big),\qquad 0 \le \theta \le 2\pi

(a) Compute the curvature of the track at the point (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big). (b) Compute the radius of the circle that best approximates the bend at the point (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big) (that is, the radius of the osculating circle at that point). (c) A car drives down the track so that its position at time tt is given by r(t2)\mathbf{r}(t^2). (Note the relationship between tt and θ\theta is θ=t2\theta = t^2). Compute the following quantities.

(i) The speed at the point (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big). (ii) The acceleration at the point (−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big). (iii) The magnitude of the normal component of the acceleration at the point

(−4,0,14)\big(-4, 0, \frac{1}{4}\big).

정답·풀이 보기

(a) 주어진 곡선에서 r(π)=(−4,0,14)\mathbf{r}(\pi) = \big(-4,0,\frac{1}{4}\big) 이고

r(θ)=(4cos⁡θ , 2sin⁡θ , 14cos⁡(2θ))v(θ)=r′(θ)=(−4sin⁡θ , 2cos⁡θ , −12sin⁡(2θ))a(θ)=r′′(θ)=(−4cos⁡θ , −2sin⁡θ , −cos⁡(2θ))v(π)=(0 , −2 , 0)a(π)=(4 , 0 , −1)v(π)×a(π)=(2 , 0 , 8)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(\theta) &= \Big(4 \cos\theta\,,\, 2\sin\theta\,,\, \frac{1}{4}\cos(2\theta)\Big) \\ \mathbf{v}(\theta)=\mathbf{r}'(\theta) &= \Big(-4 \sin\theta\,,\, 2\cos\theta\,,\, -\frac{1}{2}\sin(2\theta)\Big) \\ \mathbf{a}(\theta) = \mathbf{r}''(\theta) &= \Big(-4 \cos\theta\,,\, -2\sin\theta\,,\, -\cos(2\theta)\Big) \\ \mathbf{v}(\pi) &= \big(0\,,\, -2\,,\, 0\big) \\ \mathbf{a}(\pi) &= \big(4\,,\, 0\,,\, -1\big) \\ \mathbf{v}(\pi) \times \mathbf{a}(\pi) &= \big(2\,,\, 0\,,\, 8\big) \end{aligned}

따라서 θ=π\theta=\pi 에서의 곡률은

κ(π)=∣v(π)×a(π)∣∣v(π)∣3=∣(2,0,8)∣∣(0,−2,0)∣3=174\begin{aligned} \kappa (\pi)&=\frac{|\mathbf{v}(\pi) \times \mathbf{a}(\pi)|}{|\mathbf{v}(\pi)|^3} =\frac{|(2,0,8)|}{|(0,-2,0)|^3} =\frac{\sqrt{17}}{4} \end{aligned}

이다.

(b) 반지름은

1κ(π)=417\frac{1}{\kappa (\pi)} = \frac{4}{\sqrt{17}}

이다.

(c) R(t)=r(t2)\mathbf{R}(t) = \mathbf{r}(t^2) 이라 하면

R′(t)=2t r′(t2)R′′(t)=2 r′(t2)+4t2 r′′(t2)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{R}'(t)&=2t\,\mathbf{r}'(t^2) \\ \mathbf{R}''(t) &= 2\,\mathbf{r}'(t^2) +4t^2\,\mathbf{r}''(t^2) \end{aligned}

이다. 특히,

R(π)=(−4 , 0 , 14)R′(π)=2π v(π)=(0 , −4π , 0)속력=∣R′(π)∣=4π가속도=R′′(π)=2 v(π)+4π a(π)=(16π , −4 , −4π)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{R}(\sqrt{\pi}) &= \Big(-4\,,\, 0\,,\, \frac{1}{4}\Big) \\ \mathbf{R}'(\sqrt{\pi}) &= 2\sqrt{\pi}\,\mathbf{v}(\pi) =\big(0\,,\, -4\sqrt{\pi}\,,\, 0\big) \\ \text{속력} = \big|\mathbf{R}'(\sqrt{\pi})\big| &=4\sqrt{\pi} \\ \text{가속도}=\mathbf{R}''(\sqrt{\pi}) &= 2\,\mathbf{v}(\pi)+4\pi\,\mathbf{a}(\pi) = \big( 16\pi\,,\, -4\,,\, -4\pi\big) \end{aligned}

이다.

가속도의 법선 성분의 크기는

κ(dsdt)2=174(4π)2=417 π\begin{aligned} \kappa \Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)^2 = \frac{\sqrt{17}}{4}\big(4\sqrt{\pi}\big)^2 =4\sqrt{17}\,\pi \end{aligned}

이다.

원본 교재 풀이(영어)

(a) For the specified curve r(π)=(−4,0,14)\mathbf{r}(\pi) = \big(-4,0,\frac{1}{4}\big) and

r(θ)=(4cos⁡θ , 2sin⁡θ , 14cos⁡(2θ))v(θ)=r′(θ)=(−4sin⁡θ , 2cos⁡θ , −12sin⁡(2θ))a(θ)=r′′(θ)=(−4cos⁡θ , −2sin⁡θ , −cos⁡(2θ))v(π)=(0 , −2 , 0)a(π)=(4 , 0 , −1)v(π)×a(π)=(2 , 0 , 8)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}(\theta) &= \Big(4 \cos\theta\,,\, 2\sin\theta\,,\, \frac{1}{4}\cos(2\theta)\Big) \\ \mathbf{v}(\theta)=\mathbf{r}'(\theta) &= \Big(-4 \sin\theta\,,\, 2\cos\theta\,,\, -\frac{1}{2}\sin(2\theta)\Big) \\ \mathbf{a}(\theta) = \mathbf{r}''(\theta) &= \Big(-4 \cos\theta\,,\, -2\sin\theta\,,\, -\cos(2\theta)\Big) \\ \mathbf{v}(\pi) &= \big(0\,,\, -2\,,\, 0\big) \\ \mathbf{a}(\pi) &= \big(4\,,\, 0\,,\, -1\big) \\ \mathbf{v}(\pi) \times \mathbf{a}(\pi) &= \big(2\,,\, 0\,,\, 8\big) \end{aligned}

So the curvature at θ=π\theta=\pi is

κ(π)=∣v(π)×a(π)∣∣v(π)∣3=∣(2,0,8)∣∣(0,−2,0)∣3=174\begin{aligned} \kappa (\pi)&=\frac{|\mathbf{v}(\pi) \times \mathbf{a}(\pi)|}{|\mathbf{v}(\pi)|^3} =\frac{|(2,0,8)|}{|(0,-2,0)|^3} =\frac{\sqrt{17}}{4} \end{aligned}

(b) The radius is

1κ(π)=417\frac{1}{\kappa (\pi)} = \frac{4}{\sqrt{17}}

(c) Set R(t)=r(t2)\mathbf{R}(t) = \mathbf{r}(t^2). Then

R′(t)=2t r′(t2)R′′(t)=2 r′(t2)+4t2 r′′(t2)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{R}'(t)&=2t\,\mathbf{r}'(t^2) \\ \mathbf{R}''(t) &= 2\,\mathbf{r}'(t^2) +4t^2\,\mathbf{r}''(t^2) \end{aligned}

In particular,

R(π)=(−4 , 0 , 14)R′(π)=2π v(π)=(0 , −4π , 0)speed=∣R′(π)∣=4πacceleration=R′′(π)=2 v(π)+4π a(π)=(16π , −4 , −4π)\begin{aligned} \mathbf{R}(\sqrt{\pi}) &= \Big(-4\,,\, 0\,,\, \frac{1}{4}\Big) \\ \mathbf{R}'(\sqrt{\pi}) &= 2\sqrt{\pi}\,\mathbf{v}(\pi) =\big(0\,,\, -4\sqrt{\pi}\,,\, 0\big) \\ \text{speed} = \big|\mathbf{R}'(\sqrt{\pi})\big| &=4\sqrt{\pi} \\ \text{acceleration}=\mathbf{R}''(\sqrt{\pi}) &= 2\,\mathbf{v}(\pi)+4\pi\,\mathbf{a}(\pi) = \big( 16\pi\,,\, -4\,,\, -4\pi\big) \end{aligned}

The normal component of the acceleration has magnitude

κ(dsdt)2=174(4π)2=417 π\begin{aligned} \kappa \Big(\frac{\mathrm{d}s}{\mathrm{d}t}\Big)^2 = \frac{\sqrt{17}}{4}\big(4\sqrt{\pi}\big)^2 =4\sqrt{17}\,\pi \end{aligned}

한 번 더 — 비슷한 문제 풀기APEX · 11.4절 · 4번
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