유형·난이도는 우리말 풀이가 붙은 문제는 선생님이 정했고, 나머지는 자동 분류라 다를 수 있어요. 난이도가 정해지지 않은 문제는 난이도로 거를 때 빠집니다.
70문제 · 3 / 4쪽
41.OpenStax 2권 · 3장 복습 · 18번대학 수준우리말 번역
다음 연습문제에서는 네 개의 부분구간을 사용하여 중점 법칙, 사다리꼴 법칙, 심프슨 법칙으로 적분값을 어림하세요. 소수 셋째 자리까지 반올림하세요.
[계산기 사용]∫14xln(1/x)dx
영어 원문 보기
For the following exercises, approximate the integrals using the midpoint rule, trapezoidal rule, and Simpson’s rule using four subintervals, rounding to three decimals.
First, we note the integral is improper. So, we'll need to replace the top bound with a variable, and take a limit. Second, we're going to have to antidifferentiate. The integrand is the product of an exponential function, e−x, with a polynomial function, x−1, so we use integration by parts with u=x−1, dv=e−xdu, du=dx, and v=−e−x.
We see that we have two functions multiplied, but they don't simplify nicely with each other. However, if we differentiate logarithm, and integrate x2, we'll get a polynomial. So, let's use integration by parts.
u=logxdv=x2dxdu=(1/x)dxv=x3/3
First, let's antidifferentiate. We'll deal with the limits of integration later.
∫x2logxdx We use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2 to evaluate the definite integral.∫12x3logxdx=u(logx)v(x3/3))−∫v(x3/3)du(1/x)dx=31x3logx−31∫x2dx=31x3logx−31⋅31x3+C=31x3logx−91x3+C=[31x3logx−91x3]12=[3123log2−9123]−[3113log1−9113]=38log2−98−0+91=38log2−97
분모의 도함수가 분자에 나타나고 상수배만큼만 다르므로 치환을 한다. 구체적으로
u=x2−3, du=2xdx 로 치환한다.
그러면 다음을 얻는다.
∫x2−3xdx=∫udu/2=21log∣u∣+C=21logx2−3+C
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
The derivative of the denominator shows up in the numerator, only differing by a constant, so we perform a substitution. Specifically,
substitute u=x2−3, du=2xdx.
This gives
(c)
피적분함수는 서로 다른 종류의 두 함수의 곱이며, 뚜렷한 치환이나 간단히 하는 방법이 없다. logx 를 미분하면 피적분함수의 나머지 부분의 다항식 꼴과 더 잘 맞는다.
따라서 u(x)=logx, dv=x3dx 로 놓고 부분적분하면
du=x1dx 이고 v=x4/4 이다.
(a) Although a quadratic under a square root often suggests trigonometric substitution, in this case we have an easier substitution.
Specifically, let y=9+x2. Then dy=2xdx,xdx=2dy,y(0)=9, and y(4)=25.
(b)
The power of cosine is odd, so we can reserve one cosine for the differential and change the rest to sines.
Substituting y=sinx,dy=cosx, dx,y(0)=0,y(π/2)=1,cos2x=1−y2:
(c)
The integrand is the product of two different kinds of functions, with no obvious substitution or simplification. If we differentiate logx, it will match better with the polynomial nature of the rest of the integrand.
So, integrate by parts with u(x)=logx and dv=x3dx, then
du=x1dx and v=x4/4.
(b) 이 문제는 무엇을 해야 할지 바로 떠오르지는 않지만, u=logx, dv=dx 로 놓고 부분적분을 이용하여 ∫logxdx 를 구했던 것을 떠올리자. 비슷한 방법이 여기서도 통하기를 기대해 보자.
u=log(1+x2), dv=dx 로 놓고 부분적분을 하면
du=1+x22xdx, v=x 이다.
(a)
∫039−x2dx is the area of the portion of the
disk x2+y2≤9 that lies in the first quadrant. It is
41π33=49π. Alternatively,
you could also evaluate this integral using the substitution
x=3siny, dx=3cosydy.
(b) It's not immediately obvious what to do with this one, but remember we found ∫logxdx using integration by parts with u=logx and dv=dx. Let's hope a similar trick works here.
Integrate by parts, using u=log(1+x2) and dv=dx, so that
du=1+x22xdx, v=x.
(a) It doesn't matter to us right now that the arguments of sine and cosine are 2x rather than x. This is still the integral of powers of products of sines and cosines. Since cosine has an odd power, we
make the substitution u=sin(2x), du=2cos(2x)dx.
∫(x−1)(x2+1)dxTo antidifferentiate the second piece, we split it into two integrals: one that can be handled with the substitution u=x2+1, and another that looks like the derivative of arctangent.=∫[x−11/2−x2+121(x+1)]dx=∫(x−11/2−x2+1x/2−x2+11/2)dx=∫(x−11/2−41⋅x2+12x−x2+11/2)dx=21log∣x−1∣−41log(x2+1)−21arctanx+C
(d)
We know the derivative of arctangent, and it would integrate nicely if multiplied to the antiderivative of x. So, we
integrate by parts with u=arctanx and dv=xdx so that
du=1+x21dx and v=21x2. Then
(b) The denominator is an irreducible quadratic, so partial fractions can't get us any further. To integrate a function whose denominator is quadratic, we split the numerator up so that one piece can be evaluated with a u-substitution, and the other piece looks like arctangent.
(a)
If the integrand had x's instead of ex's it would be a rational function,
ripe for the application of partial fractions. So let's start by making the
substitution u=ex, du=exdx:
∫(ex+1)(ex−3)exdx=∫(u+1)(u−3)du
Now, we follow the partial fractions protocol, starting with expressing
(u+1)(u−3)1=u+1A+u−3B
To find A and B, the sneaky way, we cross multiply by the denominator
1=A(u−3)+B(u+1)
and find A and B by evaluating at u=−1 and u=3, respectively.
Hmmm. The numerator is x2−4x+4=(x−2)2. So let's make the integral look somewhat simpler by substituting u=x−2, du=dx.
When x=2 we have u=0, and when x=4 we have u=2, so:
∫x=2x=412+4x−x2x2−4x+4dx=∫u=0u=216−u2u2du
This is perfect for the trig substitution u=4sinθ,
du=4cos(θ)dθ. When u=0 we have 4sinθ=0
and hence θ=0. When u=2 we have 4sinθ=2
and hence θ=6π. So
(b)
The integrand is an even function, and the limits of integration are symmetric. So, we can slightly simplify the integral by replacing the lower limit with 0, and doubling the integral.
We'd rather not use partial fractions here, because it would be pretty complicated. Instead, notice that the numerator is only off by a constant from the derivative of x5.
Substituting x5=4y, 5x4dx=4dy,
and using that x=2⟹25=4y⟹y=8,
Solution 2: We have an integrand with x multiplied by something integrable. So, if we use integration by parts with u=x and dv=x−1dx, then du=dx (that is, the x goes away) and v=32(x−1)3/2.
We have just seen two solutions. There are other solutions too. For example, one could use the substitution u=x−1. Or, as another example, one could write
xx−1=(x−1)x−1+x−1=(x−1)3/2+(x−1)1/2
and just guess a function whose derivative is (x−1)3/2 and a function whose derivative is
(x−1)1/2.
We can use partial fraction decomposition to break this into chunks that we can deal with. The denominator has a repeated linear factor, so it can be decomposed as the sum of constants divided by powers of that factor.
(x+1)33x2+4x+6⇒3x2+4x+6So, by matching coefficients:Therefore:(x+1)33x2+4x+6 Now, the integration is easy, with a substitution of u=x+1 and du=dx:∫(x+1)33x2+4x+6dx=x+1A+(x+1)2B+(x+1)3C=(x+1)3A(x+1)2+B(x+1)+C=A(x+1)2+B(x+1)+C=Ax2+(2A+B)x+(A+B+C)A=3,2A+B=4, and A+B+C=6A=3,B=−2,C=5=x+13+(x+1)2−2+(x+1)35=∫(x+13+(x+1)2−2+(x+1)35)dx=∫(3u−1−2u−2+5u−3)du=3log∣u∣+2u−1−25u−2+C=3log∣x+1∣+x+12−2(x+1)25+C
If the denominator were x2+1, the antiderivative would be arctangent. So, by completing the square, let's aim for the fraction to look like u2+11, for some u. This is a good strategy for integrating an irreducible quadratic under a constant.
First: complete the square∫x2+x+11dxSecond: get the denominator in the form u2+1. To do this, we need to fix the constantNow a quick wiggle to make that first part of the denominator into something squared again:Now we see that u=32x+31, du=32dx will do the job=∫x2+x+41+431dx=∫(x+21)2+431dx=∫((x+21)2+431)(3434)dx=34∫34⋅(x+21)2+11dx=34∫(32x+31)2+11dx=34∫u2+11⋅23du=32∫u2+11du=32arctanu+C=32arctan(32x+31)+C