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40문제 · 2 / 2쪽
21.CLP-1 · 3.7절 · 5번대학 수준우리말 번역
x→0+limxlogx 의 값을 구하세요. (기억하세요: 이 노트에서 log 는 밑이 e 인 로그를 뜻합니다.)
영어 원문 보기
Evaluate x→0+limxlogx. (Remember: in these notes, log means logarithm base e.)
답 쓰고 채점
정답·풀이 보기
주의하자. 이것은 부정형이 아니다!
x→0+ 일 때 분자 logx→−∞ 이다. 즉, 분자는 절댓값이 한없이 커지는 음수가 된다.
x→0+ 일 때 분모 x→0+ 이므로, 분수 전체는 절댓값이 더욱 커지고 여전히 음수이다. 따라서 x→0+limxlogx=−∞ 이다.
참고: 여기서 로피탈의 정리를 사용하려 했다면 잘못된 답이 나왔을 것이다. 분자와 분모를 각각 미분하면 분수는 1x1=x1 이 되고, x→0+limx1=∞ 이다. 로피탈의 정리를 적용할 수 없는 이유는 분자와 분모가 모두 무한대로 가거나 모두 0으로 가는 것과 같은 부정형이 아니기 때문이다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
Be careful– this is not an indeterminate form!
As x→0+, the numerator logx→−∞. That is, the numerator is becoming an increasingly huge, negative number.
As x→0+, the denominator x→0+, which only serves to make the total fraction even larger, and still negative. So, x→0+limxlogx=−∞.
Remark: if we had tried to use l'Hopital's Rule here, we would have come up with the wrong answer. If we differentiate the numerator and the denominator, the fraction becomes 1x1=x1, and x→0+limx1=∞. The reason we cannot apply l'Hopital's Rule is that we do not have an indeterminate form, like both numerator and denominator going to infinity, or both numerator and denominator going to zero.
We rearrange the expression to a more natural form:
x→∞lim(logx)2e−xBoth the numerator and denominator go to infinity as x goes to infinity. So, we can apply l’Hoˆpital’s Rule. In fact, we end up applying it twice.The numerator gets smaller and smaller while the denominator gets larger and larger, so:=x→∞limden→∞num→∞ex(logx)2=x→∞limden→∞num→∞xex2logx=x→∞limxex+ex2/x=0
If we plug in x=0 to the numerator and denominator, both are zero, so this is a candidate for l'Hopital's Rule. However, an easier way to evaluate the limit is to factor x2 from the numerator and denominator, and cancel.
주의할 점: 이 분수는 부정형이 아니므로 여기에서는 로피탈 법칙을 쓸 수 없다. 분자와 분모를 각각 미분하면, 극한이 존재하지 않는 식을 얻게 된다.
x→0limsecxtanx1=x→0limcosx⋅sinxcosx=DNE.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
If we plug in x=0, the numerator is zero, and the denominator is
sec0=cos01=11=1. So the limit is 10=0.
Be careful: you cannot use l'Hopital's Rule here, because the fraction does not give an indeterminate form. If you try to differentiate the numerator and the denominator, you get an expression whose limit does not exist:
If we plug x=0 into the denominator, we get 1. However, the numerator is an indeterminate form: tan0=0, while x→0+limcscx=∞ and
x→0−limcscx=−∞. If we use cscx=sinx1, our expression becomes
x→0limsinx⋅extanx⋅(x2+5)Since plugging in x=0 makes both the numerator and the denominator equal to zero, this is a candidate for l’Hoˆspital’s Rule. However, a much easier way is to simplify the trig first.x→0limsinx⋅extanx⋅(x2+5)=x→0limcosx⋅sinx⋅exsinx⋅(x2+5)=x→0limcosx⋅exx2+5=cos(0)⋅e002+5=5
x→∞lim2x2+1−x2+x has the indeterminate form ∞−∞. To get a better idea of what's going on, let's rationalize.
x→∞lim2x2+1−x2+xHere, we have the indeterminate form ∞∞, so l’Hoˆpital’s Rule applies. However, if we try to use it here, we quickly get a huge mess. Instead, remember how we dealt with these kinds of limits in the past: factor out the highest power of the denominator, which is x.=x→∞lim(2x2+1−x2+x)(2x2+1+x2+x2x2+1+x2+x)=x→∞lim2x2+1+x2+x(2x2+1)−(x2+x)=x→∞lim2x2+1+x2+xx2−x+1=x→∞limx2(2+x21)+x2(1+x1)x(x−1+x1)=x→∞limx(2+x21+1+x1)x(x−1+x1)=x→∞limden→2+1num→∞2+x21+1+x1x−1+x1=∞
If we plug in x=0, both numerator and denominator become zero. So, we have exactly one of the indeterminate forms that l'Hopital's Rule applies to.
x→0limden→0num→0sin2xsin(x3+3x2)If we plug in x=0, still we find that both the numerator and the denominator go to zero. We could jump in with another iteration of l’Hoˆpital’s Rule. However, the derivatives would be a little messy, so we use limit laws and break up the fraction into the product of two fractions. If both limits exist:x→0lim2sinxcosx(3x2+6x)cos(x3+3x2)We can evaluate the right-hand limit by simply plugging in x=0:=x→0lim2sinxcosx(3x2+6x)cos(x3+3x2)=(x→0limsinxx2+2x)⋅(x→0lim2cosx3cos(x3+3x2))=23x→0limden→0num→0sinxx2+2x=23x→0limcosx2x+2=23(12)=3
풀이 1.
x→0limx4e−1/x2=x→0limden→∞num→∞e1/x2x41=x→0limx3−2e1/x2x5−4=x→0limden→∞num→∞e1/x2x22=x→0limx3−2e1/x2x3−4=x→0lime1/x22=0
이는 x→0 일 때 지수 x21→∞ 이므로
e1/x2→∞ 이고 e−1/x2→0 이기 때문이다.
Solution 1.
x→0limx4e−1/x2=x→0limden→∞num→∞e1/x2x41=x→0limx3−2e1/x2x5−4=x→0limden→∞num→∞e1/x2x22=x→0limx3−2e1/x2x3−4=x→0lime1/x22=0
since, as x→0, the exponent x21→∞
so that e1/x2→∞ and e−1/x2→0.
x→0limsin2x=0, and x→0limx21=∞, so we have the form 0∞. (Note that sin2x is positive, so our root is defined.) This is not an indeterminate form: x→0limx2sin2x=0.
x→0limcosx=1 and x→0limx21=∞, so x→0lim(cosx)x21 has the indeterminate form 1∞. We want to use l'Hopital, but we need to get our function into a fractional indeterminate form. So, we'll use a logarithm.
y:x→0+limyThis has the form 1−∞=1∞1, and 1∞ is an indeterminate form. We want to use l’Hoˆpital, but we need to get a different indeterminate form. So, we’ll use logarithms.x→0+limlogyThis has the indeterminate form 0⋅∞, so we need one last adjustment before we can use l’Hoˆpital’s Rule.Now, we can figure out what happens to our original function, y:x→0+limy=exlogx=(ex)logx=x→0+lim(ex)logx=x→0+limlog((ex)logx)=x→0+limlogxlog(ex)=x→0+lim(logx)⋅x=x→0+limden→∞num→−∞x1logx=x→0+limx2−1x1=x→0+lim−x=0=x→0+limelogy=e0=1
Solution 2
y:x→0+limyWe have the indeterminate form 00. We want to use l’Hoˆpital, but we need a different indeterminate form. So, we’ll use logarithms.x→0+limlogyNow we have the indeterminate form 0⋅∞, so we need one last adjustment before we can use l’Hoˆpital’s Rule.x→0+limyNow, we can figure out what happens to our original function, y:x→0+limy=exlogx=(elogx)x=xx=x→0+limxx=x→0+limlog(xx)=x→0+limxlogx=x→0+limden→−∞num→0x1logx=x→0+limx2−1x1=x→0+lim−x=0=x→0+limelogy=e0=1
First, note that the function exists near 0: x2 is positive, so log(x2) exists; near 0, logx2 is negative, so −log(x2) is positive, so [−log(x2)]x exists even when x is negative.
Since x→0lim−log(x2)=∞ and x→0limx=0, we have the indeterminate form ∞0. We need l'Hopital, but we need to manipulate our function into an appropriate form. We do this using logarithms.
y:logyx→0limlogyNow, we’re ready to figure out our original limit.x→0limy=[−log(x2)]x=log([−log(x2)]x)=→0x⋅→∞log(→∞−log(x2))=x1log(−log(x2))=x→0limden→±∞num→∞x1log(−log(x2))=x→0limx2−1−log(x2)−x2=x→0limden→−∞num→0log(x2)−2x=0=x→0limelogy=e0=1
분자와 분모는 모두 x→0 일 때 0 으로 수렴한다. 따라서 로피탈 정리에 의해
x→0limden→0num→0ex2−11+cx−cosx=x→0lim2xex2c+sinx
새로운 분모는 여전히 x→0 일 때 0 으로 수렴한다. 극한이 존재하려면 새로운 분자도 마찬가지여야 한다. 따라서 c=0 이면 극한이 존재하지 않는다. c=0 일 때 극한이 존재하는지 확인해야 한다.
로피탈 정리를 이용하면
x→0limden→0num→02xex2sinx=x→0limex2(4x2+2)cosx=1(0+2)1=21.
따라서 c=0 일 때 극한이 존재한다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
Both the numerator and denominator converge to 0 as
x→0. So, by l'Hopital,
x→0limden→0num→0ex2−11+cx−cosx=x→0lim2xex2c+sinx
The new denominator still converges to 0 as x→0. For
the limit to exist, the same must be true for the new numerator. This tells us that if c=0, the limit does not exist. We should check whether the limit exists when c=0.
Using l'Hopital:
x→0limden→0num→02xex2sinx=x→0limex2(4x2+2)cosx=1(0+2)1=21.
So, the limit exists when c=0.
The first thing we notice is, regardless of k, when we plug in x=0 both numerator and denominator become zero. Let's use this fact, and apply l'Hopital's Rule.
x→0limden→0num→0x4eksin(x2)−(1+2x2)When we plug in x=0, the denominator becomes 0, and the numerator becomes 2k−4. So, we’ll need some cases, because the behaviour of the limit depends on k.For k=2:x→0lim4x22kcos(x2)eksin(x2)−4For k>2, the numerator goes to 2k−4, which is a positive constant, while the denominator goes to 0 from the right, so:x→0lim4x22kcos(x2)eksin(x2)−4For k<2, the numerator goes to 2k−4, which is a negative constant, while the denominator goes to 0 from the right, so:x→0lim4x22kcos(x2)eksin(x2)−4=x→0lim4x32kxcos(x2)eksin(x2)−4x=x→0lim4x22kcos(x2)eksin(x2)−4=x→0limden→0num→04x24cos(x2)e2sin(x2)−4=x→0lim8x−8xsin(x2)e2sin(x2)+16xcos2(x2)e2sin(x2)=x→0lim[−sin(x2)e2sin(x2)+2cos2(x2)e2sin(x2)]=2=∞=−∞