이 존재하므로 적용할 수 있다. 급수 k=1∑∞bk 는
수렴하는 p-급수(p=67>1)이므로
주어진 급수는 수렴한다.
참고: 우리가 고른 비교 급수로 직접 비교판정법을 적용하려면, 충분히 큰 모든 k 에 대해
k5+93k4+1≤k7/61
임을 보여야 한다. 그러나 이는 성립하지 않는다. k 가 클 때는 부등호 방향이 반대인 부등식이 성립한다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
We first develop some intuition. For very large k,
k4 dominates 1 so that the numerator 3k4+1≈3k4=k4/3,
and k5 dominates 9 so that the denominator k5+9≈k5=k5/2 and the summand
k5+93k4+1≈k5/2k4/3=k7/61
The series n=1∑∞k7/61
converges by the p–test with p=67>1, so we expect the given series to converge too.
To verify that our intuition is correct,
we apply the limit comparison test with
exists. Since the series k=1∑∞bk is
a convergent p–series (with ratio p=67>1),
the given series converges.
Note: to apply the direct comparison test with our chosen comparison series, we would need to show that
k5+93k4+1≤k7/61
for all k sufficiently large. However, this is not true: the opposite inequality holds when k is large.
Solution 1: Let's see whether the divergence test works here.
n→∞lim(2n+7)4n42n/3(n41n41)=n→∞lim(2+7/n)42n/3=n→∞lim(2+0)42n/3=∞
The summands of our series do not converge to zero. By the divergence
test, the series diverges.
Solution 2: Let's develop some intuition for a comparison. For very large n, 2n dominates
7 so that
(2n+7)4n42n/3≈(2n)4n42n/3=1612n/3
The series n=1∑∞2n/3
is a geometric series with ratio r=21/3>1 and so diverges. (It also fails the divergence test.)
We expect the given series to diverge too.
To verify that our intuition is correct,
we apply the limit comparison test with
and since n=1∑∞n1 diverges, the given
series diverges.
(b) Since cos(nπ)=(−1)n, the given series
converges by the alternating series test.
To check that an=2nn decreases to 0 as n tends
to infinity, note that
anan+1=n2−n(n+1)2−(n+1)=(1+n1)21
is smaller than 1 (so that an+1≤an) for all n≥1,
and is smaller than 43 (so an+1≤43an)
for all n≥2.
이고 k=1∑∞k1 이 (p=1 인 p-판정법에 의해) 발산하므로, 주어진 급수는 발산한다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
For large k, k4≫2k3−2 and k5≫k2+k
so k5+k2+kk4−2k3+2≈k5k4=k1.
This suggests that we apply the limit
comparison test with ak=k5+k2+kk4−2k3+2 and
bk=k1.
Since
Determine whether each of the following series converge or diverge.
(a) n=2∑∞n5−nn2+n+1
(b) m=1∑∞m23m+sinm
정답·풀이 보기
(a) n 이 충분히 크면 n2≫n+1 이므로 분자 n2+n+1≈n2 이다.
n 이 충분히 크면 n5≫n 이므로 분모 n5−n≈n5 이다.
따라서 n 이 충분히 크면 n5−nn2+n+1≈n5n2=n31 이다.
이는 an=n5−nn2+n+1, bn=n31 으로 극한비교판정법을 적용해 볼 수 있음을 시사한다.
다음에서
극한이 존재하고 0이 아니며, m=1∑∞m1 은 (p=1 인 p-급수 판정법에 의해) 발산하므로 주어진 급수는 발산한다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
(a) For large n, n2≫n+1 and so the numerator n2+n+1≈n2.
For large n, n5≫n and so the denominator n5−n≈n5.
So, for large n, n5−nn2+n+1≈n5n2=n31.
This suggests that we apply the limit
comparison test with an=n5−nn2+n+1 and bn=n31.
Since
exists and is nonzero, and since n=1∑∞n31 converges (by the p–test with p=3>1), the given series converges.
(b) For large m, 3m≫∣sinm∣ and
so m23m+sinm≈m23m=m3.
This suggests that we apply the limit
comparison test with am=m23m+sinm and
bm=m1. (We could also use bm=m3.)
Since
First we'll develop some intuition by observing that, for very large n,
an≈2n1. We know that the series n=1∑∞n1
diverges by the p–test with p=1. So let's apply the limit comparison
test with bn=n1. Since
n→∞limbnan=n→∞lim2n−1n=n→∞lim2−n11=21
the series n=1∑∞an converges if and only if the
series n=1∑∞bn converges. So the given series
diverges.
The series in the brackets is the harmonic series which
we know diverges, by the p–test with p=1. So the series on the right
hand side diverges. By the direct comparison test, the series on the left hand
side diverges too.
(b) We'll use the ratio test with an=22n+1(2n+1).
Since
anan+1=22n+3(2n+3)(2n+1)22n+1=41(2n+1)(2n+3)=41(2+1/n)(2+3/n)→41<1 as n→∞
exists and is nonzero, and k=1∑∞k5/31 converges (by the p–test
with p=35>1), the given series converges by the limit comparison test.
(b)
The kth term in this series is
ak=(2k)!k1010k(k!)2. Factorials often work well with the ratio test, because they simplify so nicely in quotients.
As k tends to ∞, this converges to
10×1×2×21>1. So the series diverges by the
ratio test.
(c)
We'll use the integal test. The kth term in the series
is ak=k(logk)(loglogk)1=f(k) with
f(x)=x(logx)(loglogx)1, which is continuous, positive and
decreasing for x≥3.
이고 이 극한이 존재하며 0이 아니므로, 주어진 급수 n=1∑∞an 이 수렴하는 것과 급수 n=1∑∞bn 이 수렴하는 것은 서로 필요충분조건이다.
급수 n=1∑∞bn=n=1∑∞n21 은 수렴하는 p-급수(p=2)이므로 두 급수 모두 수렴한다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
For large n, the numerator n3−4≈n3 and the denominator
2n5−6n≈2n5, so the nth term is approximately
2n5n3=2n21. So we apply the limit comparison
test with an=2n5−6nn3−4 and bn=n21. Since
exists and is nonzero, the given series n=1∑∞an converges if and only
if the series n=1∑∞bn converges.
Since the series n=1∑∞bn=n=1∑∞n21
is a convergent p-series (with p=2), both series converge.
급수 n=1∑∞an 이 수렴하고 모든 n 에 대해 1>an≥0 이라 하자. 이때 급수 n=1∑∞1−anan 도 수렴함을 증명하세요.
영어 원문 보기
Suppose that the series n=1∑∞an
converges and that 1>an≥0 for all n. Prove that the series
n=1∑∞1−anan also converges.
정답·풀이 보기
증명의 방향을 잡기 위해 먼저 직관을 얻어 보자. n=1∑∞an 이 수렴하므로 n→∞ 일 때 an 은 0 으로 수렴한다. 따라서 n 이 충분히 크면 1−anan≈1−0an=1an 이고, ∑an 이 수렴함을 알고 있다. 그러므로 "큰" 번호의 항들을 유한 개의 작은 번호의 항들과 분리하려고 한다.
n→∞liman=0 이므로, 모든 n>N 에 대해 21>an≥0 이 되게 하는 (1보다 작은 양수라면 21 뿐 아니라 어떤 수를 택해도 된다.) 정수 N 이 반드시 존재한다. 그러면 n>N 일 때,
Let's get some intuition to guide us through a proof. Since n=1∑∞an, converges an must converge
to zero as n→∞. So, when n is quite large, 1−anan≈1−0an=1an, and we know ∑an converges. So, we want to separate the “large" indices from a finite number of smaller ones.
Since n→∞liman=0, there must be (We could have chosen any positive number strictly less than 1, not only 21.) some integer
N such that 21>an≥0 for all n>N. Then, for n>N,
1−ananFrom the information in the problem statement, we known=N+1∑∞2anSo, by the direct comparison test,n=N+1∑∞1−ananSince the convergence of a series is not affected by its first N terms, as long as N is finite, we concluden=1∑∞1−anan≤1−1/2an=2an=2n=N+1∑∞anconverges. converges as well. converges.
급수 n=0∑∞(1−an) 이 수렴한다고 하자.
단, n=0,1,2,3,⋯ 에 대해 an>0 이다.
급수 n=0∑∞2nan 이 수렴하는지 발산하는지 판단하세요.
영어 원문 보기
Suppose that the series n=0∑∞(1−an) converges,
where an>0 for n=0,1,2,3,⋯. Determine whether the series
n=0∑∞2nan converges or diverges.
정답·풀이 보기
발산 판정법에 의해, n=0∑∞(1−an) 이 수렴한다는 사실로부터 n→∞lim(1−an)=0 이 보장되고, 이는 n→∞liman=1 과 같다. 따라서 발산 판정법을 한 번 더 적용하면,
n→∞lim2nan=+∞
이므로 n=0∑∞2nan 도 발산한다.
원본 교재 풀이(영어)
By the divergence test, the fact that n=0∑∞(1−an)
converges guarantees that n→∞lim(1−an)=0,
or equivalently, that n→∞liman=1. So,
by the divergence test, a second time, the fact that
We are told that ∑n=1∞an converges. Thus
we must have that n→∞liman=0. In particular,
there is an index N such that 0≤an≤1 for all n≥N. Then:
0≤an2By the direct comparison test,n=N+1∑∞an2Since convergence doesn’t depend on the first N terms of a series for any finite N,n=1∑∞an2≤anfor n>Nconverges.converges as well.