극좌표 이중적분

a. Find the volume of the solid ${S}_{1}$ bounded by the cylinder ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=1$ and the planes $z=0$ and $z=1.$ b. Find the volume of the solid ${S}_{2}$ outside the double cone ${z}^{2}={x}^{2}+{y}^{2},$ inside the cylinder ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=1,$ and above the plane $z=0.$ c. Find the volume of the solid inside the cone ${z}^{2}={x}^{2}+{y}^{2}$ and below the plane $z=1$ by subtracting the volumes of the solids ${S}_{1}$ and ${S}_{2}.$

a. Find the volume of the solid ${S}_{1}$ inside the unit sphere ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{z}^{2}=1$ and above the plane $z=0.$ b. Find the volume of the solid ${S}_{2}$ inside the double cone ${(z-1)}^{2}={x}^{2}+{y}^{2}$ and above the plane $z=0.$ c. Find the volume of the solid outside the double cone ${(z-1)}^{2}={x}^{2}+{y}^{2}$ and inside the sphere ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{z}^{2}=1.$

If the sphere has radius $4$ and the cylinder has radius $2,$ find the volume of the spherical ring.

A cylindrical hole of diameter $6$ cm is bored through a sphere of radius $5$ cm such that the axis of the cylinder passes through the center of the sphere. Find the volume of the resulting spherical ring.

Find the volume of the solid that lies under the double cone ${z}^{2}=4{x}^{2}+4{y}^{2},$ inside the cylinder ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=x,$ and above the plane $z=0.$

Find the volume of the solid that lies under the paraboloid $z={x}^{2}+{y}^{2},$ inside the cylinder ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=x,$ and above the plane $z=0.$

Find the volume of the solid that lies under the plane $x+y+z=10$ and above the disk ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=4x.$

Find the volume of the solid that lies under the plane $2x+y+2z=8$ and above the unit disk ${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=1.$

A radial function $f$ is a function whose value at each point depends only on the distance between that point and the origin of the system of coordinates; that is, $f(x,y)=g(r),$ where $r=\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}.$ Show that if $f$ is a continuous radial function, then $\iint_{D}f(x,y)dA=({\theta }_{2}-{\theta }_{1})[G({R}_{2})-G({R}_{1})],$ where $G'(r)=rg(r)$ and $(x,y)\in D=\{(r,\theta )|{R}_{1}\le r\le {R}_{2},{\theta }_{1}\le \theta \le {\theta }_{2}\},$ with $0\le {R}_{1}<{R}_{2}$ and $0\le {\theta }_{1}<{\theta }_{2}\le 2\pi .$

Use the information from the preceding exercise to calculate the integral $\iint_{D}{({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})}^{3}dA,$ where $D$ is the unit disk.

Let $f(x,y)=\frac{F'(r)}{r}$ be a continuous radial function defined on the annular region $D=\{(r,\theta )|{R}_{1}\le r\le {R}_{2},0\le \theta \le 2\pi \},$ where $r=\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}},$ $0<{R}_{1}<{R}_{2},$ and $F$ is a differentiable function. Show that $\iint_{D}f(x,y)dA=2\pi [F({R}_{2})-F({R}_{1})].$

Apply the preceding exercise to calculate the integral $\iint_{D}\frac{{e}^{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}}}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}}dx\,dy,$ where $D$ is the annular region between the circles of radii $1$ and $2$ situated in the third quadrant.

Let $f$ be a continuous function that can be expressed in polar coordinates as a product of a function of $r$ only and a function of $\theta$ only; that is, $f(x,y)=h(\theta ),$ where $(x,y)\in D=\{(r,\theta )|{R}_{1}\le r\le {R}_{2},{\theta }_{1}\le \theta \le {\theta }_{2}\},$ with $0\le {R}_{1}<{R}_{2}$ and $0\le {\theta }_{1}<{\theta }_{2}\le 2\pi .$ Show that $\iint_{D}f(x,y)dA=\frac{1}{2}\left({R}_{2}^{2}-{R}_{1}^{2}\right)[H({\theta }_{2})-H({\theta }_{1})],$ where $H$ is an antiderivative of $h.$

Apply the preceding exercise to calculate the integral $\iint_{D}\frac{{y}^{2}}{{x}^{2}}dA,$ where $D=\{(r,\theta )|1\le r\le 2,\frac{\pi }{6}\le \theta \le \frac{\pi }{3}\}.$

Let $f$ be a continuous function that can be expressed in polar coordinates as a product of a function of $r$ only and function of $\theta$ only; that is, $f(x,y)=g(r)h(\theta ),$ where $(x,y)\in D=\{(r,\theta )|{R}_{1}\le r\le {R}_{2},{\theta }_{1}\le \theta \le {\theta }_{2}\}$ with $0\le {R}_{1}<{R}_{2}$ and $0\le {\theta }_{1}<{\theta }_{2}\le 2\pi .$ Show that $\iint_{D}f(x,y)dA=[G({R}_{2})-G({R}_{1})]\,[H({\theta }_{2})-H({\theta }_{1})],$ where $G(r)$ and $H(\theta )$ are antiderivatives of $rg(r)$ and $h(\theta )$, respectively.

For the following two exercises, consider a spherical ring, which is a sphere with a cylindrical hole cut so that the axis of the cylinder passes through the center of the sphere (see the following figure).

Evaluate $\iint_{D}\arctan \left(\frac{y}{x}\right)\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}dA,$ where $D=\{(r,\theta )|2\le r\le 3,\frac{\pi }{4}\le \theta \le \frac{\pi }{3}\}.$

A spherical cap is the region of a sphere that lies above or below a given plane.

a. Show that the volume of the spherical cap in the figure below is $\frac{1}{6}\pi h(3{a}^{2}+{h}^{2}).$ b. A spherical segment is the solid defined by intersecting a sphere with two parallel planes. If the distance between the planes is $h,$ show that the volume of the spherical segment in the figure below is $\frac{1}{6}\pi h(3{a}^{2}+3{b}^{2}+{h}^{2}).$

In statistics, the joint density for two independent, normally distributed events with a mean $\mu =0$ and a standard distribution $\sigma$ is defined by $p(x,y)=\frac{1}{2\pi {\sigma }^{2}}{e}^{-\frac{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}}.$ Consider $(X,Y),$ the Cartesian coordinates of a ball in the resting position after it was released from a position on the z-axis toward the $xy$-plane. Assume that the coordinates of the ball are independently normally distributed with a mean $\mu =0$ and a standard deviation of $\sigma$ (in feet). The probability that the ball will stop no more than $a$ feet from the origin is given by $P[{X}^{2}+{Y}^{2}\le {a}^{2}]=\iint_{D}p(x,y)dy\,dx,$ where $D$ is the disk of radius a centered at the origin. Show that $P[{X}^{2}+{Y}^{2}\le {a}^{2}]=1-{e}^{-{a}^{2}/2{\sigma }^{2}}.$

The double improper integral $\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }\,\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})/2}dy\,dx$ may be defined as the limit value of the double integrals $\iint_{{D}_{a}}{e}^{-({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})/2}dA$ over disks ${D}_{a}$ of radii a centered at the origin, as a increases without bound; that is, $\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }\,\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})/2}dy\,dx=\lim_{a\to \infty }\iint_{{D}_{a}}{e}^{-({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})/2}dA.$

a. Use polar coordinates to show that $\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }\,\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})/2}dy\,dx=2\pi .$ b. Show that $\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-{x}^{2}/2}dx=\sqrt{2\pi },$ by using the relation $\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }\,\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-({x}^{2}+{y}^{2})/2}dy\,dx=\left(\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-{x}^{2}/2}dx\right)\left(\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }{e}^{-{y}^{2}/2}dy\right).$

When evaluating $\iint_R f(x,y)\ dA$ using polar coordinates, $f(x,y)$ is replaced with _____ and $dA$ is replaced with _____.