미분 전체 문제

The function is differentiable at $x=1$ if the following limit: $$\lim_{x\to 1}\frac{f(x)-f(1)}{x-1} = \lim_{x\to 1}\frac{f(x)-0}{x-1}=\lim_{x\to 1} \frac{f(x)}{x-1}$$ exists (note that we used the fact that $f(1)=0$ as per the definition of the first branch which includes the point $x=0$). We compute left and right limits; so $$\lim_{x\to 1^-}\frac{f(x)}{x-1}=\lim_{x\to 1^-}\frac{4x^2-8x+4}{x-1}=\lim_{x\rightarrow 1^-}\frac{4(x-1)^2}{x-1} =\lim_{x\to 1^-} 4(x-1)=0$$ and $$\lim_{x\to 1^+}\frac{(x-1)^2\sin\left(\frac{1}{x-1}\right)}{x-1}=\lim_{x\to 1^+}(x-1)\cdot \sin\left(\frac{1}{x-1}\right).$$ This last limit equals $0$ by the Squeeze Theorem since $$-1\le \sin\left(\frac{1}{x-1}\right)\le 1$$ and so, $$-(x-1)\le (x-1)\cdot \sin\left(\frac{1}{x-1}\right)\le x-1,$$ where in these inequalities we used the fact that $x\to 1^+$ yields positive values for $x-1$. Finally, since $\lim_{x\to 1^+}-x+1=\lim_{x\to 1^+}x-1=0$, the Squeeze Theorem yields that also $\lim_{x\to 1^+}(x-1)\sin\left(\frac{1}{x-1}\right) =0$, as claimed.

Since the left and right limits match (they're both equal to $0$), we conclude that indeed $f(x)$ is differentiable at $x=1$ (and its derivative at $x=1$ is actually equal to $0$).

If you're creative, you can find lots of ways to differentiate!

Constant multiple: $g'(x)=3f'(x)$.

Product rule: $g'(x) = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{3\}f(x)+3f'(x)=0f(x)+3f'(x)=3f'(x)$.

Sum rule: $g'(x)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{f(x)+f(x)+f(x)\}=f'(x)+f'(x)+f'(x)=3f'(x)$.

Quotient rule: $g'(x)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left\{\frac{f(x)}{\frac{1}{3}}\right\}= \frac{\frac{1}{3}f'(x)-f(x)(0)}{\frac{1}{9}}=\frac{\frac{1}{3}f'(x)}{\frac{1}{9}}=9\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)f'(x)=3f'(x)$.

All rules give $g'(x)=3f'(x)$.

$$\begin{aligned} \\ \text{First expression, $f(x)=\dfrac{g(x)}{h(x)}$:} \\ f'(x)&=\frac{h(x)g'(x)-g(x)h'(x)}{h^2(x)} \\ \text{Second expresson, $f(x)=\dfrac{g(x)}{k(x)}\cdot\dfrac{k(x)}{h(x)}$:} \\ f'(x)&=\left(\frac{k(x)g'(x)-g(x)k'(x)}{k^2(x)}\right)\left(\frac{k(x)}{h(x)}\right)+\left(\frac{g(x)}{k(x)}\right)\left(\frac{h(x)k'(x)-k(x)h'(x)}{h^2(x)}\right)\\ &=\frac{k(x)g'(x)-g(x)k'(x)}{k(x)h(x)}+ \frac{g(x)h(x)k'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)k(x)g'(x)-h(x)g(x)k'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}+ \frac{g(x)h(x)k'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)k(x)g'(x)-h(x)g(x)k'(x)+g(x)h(x)k'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)k(x)g'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)g'(x)-g(x)h'(x)}{h^2(x)} \\ \text{and this is exactly what we got from differentiating the first expression.} \\ \end{aligned}$$

The function $f(x)$ is continuous over all real numbers, but it is only differentiable when $x \neq 0$. So, if we want to apply the MVT, our interval must consist of only positive numbers or only negative numbers: the interval $(-4,13)$ is not valid.

It is possible to use the mean value theorem to prove what we want: if $a=1$ and $b=144$, then $f(x)$ is differentiable over the interval $(1,144)$ (since 0 is not contained in that interval), and $f(x)$ is continuous everywhere, so by the mean value theorem there exists some point $c$ where $f'(x)=\dfrac{\sqrt{|144|}-\sqrt{|1|}}{144-1}=\dfrac{11}{143}=\dfrac{1}{13}$.

That being said, an easier way to prove that a point exists is to simply find it–without using the MVT. When $x>0$, $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$, so $f'(x)=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt {x}}$. Then $f'\left(\dfrac{169}{4}\right)=\dfrac{1}{13}$.

We note that $f(0)=f(2\pi)=0$. Then using the Mean Value Theorem (note that the function is differentiable for all real numbers), we conclude that there exists $c$ in $(0,2\pi)$ such that $$f'(c)=\frac{f(2\pi)- f(0)}{2\pi - 0} = 0.$$

We note that $f(0)=f(1)=0$. Then using the Mean Value Theorem (note that the function is differentiable for all real numbers), we get that there exists $c\in (0,1)$ such that $$f'(c)=\frac{f(1)- f(0)}{1 - 0} = 0.$$

We note that $f(0)=f(2\pi)=\sqrt{3} + \pi^2$. Then using the Mean Value Theorem (note that the function is differentiable for all real numbers since $3+\sin x>0$), we get that there exists $c\in (0,2\pi)$ such that $$f'(c)=\frac{f(2\pi)- f(0)}{2\pi - 0} = 0.$$

We note that $f(0)=0$ and $f(\pi/4)=0$. Then using the Mean Value Theorem (note that the function is differentiable for all real numbers), we get that there exists $c\in (0,\pi/4)$ such that $$f'(c)=\frac{f(\pi/4)- f(0)}{\pi/4 - 0} = 0.$$

Define $h(x)=f(x)-g(x)$, and notice $h(a)=f(a)-g(a)<0$ and $h(b)=f(b)-g(b)>0$. Since $h$ is the difference of two functions that are continuous over $[a,b]$ and differentiable over $(a,b)$, also $h$ is continuous over $[a,b]$ and differentiable over $(a,b)$. So, by the Mean Value Theorem, there exists some $c \in (a,b)$ with $$h'(c)=\frac{h(b)-h(a)}{b-a}$$ Since $(a,b)$ is an interval, $b>a$, so the denominator of the above expression is positive; since $h(b)>0>h(a)$, also the numerator of the above expression is positive. So, $h'(c)>0$ for some $c \in (a,b)$. Since $h'(c)=f'(c)-g'(c)$, we conclude $f'(c)>g'(c)$ for some $c \in (a,b)$.

Call the length of the wire $L$ units and suppose that it is cut $\ell$ units from one end. Make the square from the piece of length $\ell$, and make the circle from the remaining piece of length $L-\ell$.

The square has perimeter $\ell$, so its side length is $\ell/4$ and its area is $\left(\dfrac{\ell}{4}\right)^2$. The circle has circumference $L-\ell$, so its radius is $\dfrac{L-\ell}{2\pi}$ and its area is $\pi\left(\dfrac{L-\ell}{2\pi}\right)^2=\dfrac{(L-\ell)^2}{4\pi}$.

The area enclosed by the shapes, when the square is made from a length of size $\ell$, is

$$\begin{aligned} A(\ell)&=\dfrac{\ell^2}{16}+\dfrac{(L-\ell)^2}{4\pi} \\ \text{We want to find the global max and min for this function, given the constraint $0 \leq \ell \leq L$, so we find its derivative:} \\ A'(\ell)&=\dfrac{\ell}{8} -\dfrac{L-\ell}{2\pi} =\dfrac{\pi+4}{8\pi}\ell-\dfrac{L}{2\pi} \\ \text{Now, we find the critical point.} \\ A'(\ell)&=0\\ \frac{\pi+4}{8\pi}\ell&=\frac{L}{2\pi}\\ \ell&=\frac{4L}{\pi+4} \end{aligned}$$

$$\begin{array}{|c||c|c|c|}\hline \ell & 0 & L & \dfrac{.^.}{.}\frac{4L}{\pi+4} \\ \hline \text{type} & \text{endpoint} & \text{endpoint} & \text{critical point} \\ \hline A(\ell) & \dfrac{.^.}{.}\frac{L^2}{4\pi} & \frac{L^2}{16}_{} & A\left(\frac{4L}{\pi+4}\right) \\ \hline \end{array}$$

It seems obnoxious to evaluate $A\left(\frac{4L}{\pi+4}\right)$, and the problem doesn't ask for it–but we still have to figure out whether it is a global max or min.

When $\ell<\frac{4L}{\pi+4}$, $A'(\ell)<0$, and when $\ell>\frac{4L}{\pi+4}$, $A'(\ell)>0$. So, $A(\ell)$ is decreasing until $\ell=\frac{4L}{\pi+4}$, then increasing. That means our critical point $\ell=\frac{4L}{\pi+4}$ is a local minimum.

So, the minimum occurs at the only critical point, which is $\ell=\left(\dfrac{4}{4+\pi}\right)L$. This corresponds to $\dfrac{\ell}{L}=\dfrac{4}{4+\pi}$: the proportion of the wire that is cut is $\dfrac{4}{4+\pi}$.

The maximum has to be either at $\ell=0$ or at $\ell=L$. As $A(0)=\dfrac{L^2}{4\pi} > A(L)=\dfrac{L^2}{16}$, the maximum has $\ell=0$ (that is, no square).

A function is even if $f(-x)=f(x)$.

$$\begin{aligned} f(-x)&=\frac{(-x)^4-(-x)^6}{e^{(-x)^2}}\\ &=\frac{x^4-x^6}{e^{x^2}}\\ &=f(x) \end{aligned}$$

So, $f(x)$ is even.

For any real number $x$, we will show that $f(x)=f(x+4\pi)$.

$$\begin{aligned} f(x+4\pi)&=\sin(x+4\pi)+\cos\left(\frac{x+4\pi}{2}\right)\\ &=\sin(x+4\pi)+\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}+2\pi\right)\\ &=\sin(x)+\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\\ &=f(x) \end{aligned}$$

So, $f(x)$ is periodic.