다항함수의 미분법

Tangent line: $y = 2(x-1)$

Normal line: $y=-1/2(x-1)$

Tangent line: $y = t+4$

Normal line: $y=-t+4$

Tangent line: $y = x-1$

Normal line: $y=-x+1$

Tangent line: $y = 4$

Normal line: $x=\pi/2$

Tangent line: $y = \sqrt{2}(x-\frac{\pi}{4})-\sqrt{2}$

Normal line: $y = \frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}}(x-\frac{\pi}{4})-\sqrt{2}$

Tangent line: $y = 2x+3$

Normal line: $y=-1/2(x-5)+13$

True: this is exactly what the Sum Rule states.

False, in general. The product rule tells us $\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{f(x)g(x)\}=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x)$. An easy example of why we can't do it the other way is to take $f(x)=g(x)=x$. Then the equation becomes $\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{x^2\}=(1)(1)$, which is false.

True: the quotient rule tells us $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left\{\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}\right\}=\frac{g(x)f'(x)-f(x)g'(x)}{g^2(x)} = \frac{g(x)f'(x)}{g^2(x)}-\frac{f(x)g'(x)}{g^2(x)} = \frac{f'(x)}{g(x)}-\frac{f(x)g'(x)}{g^2(x)}.$$

If you're creative, you can find lots of ways to differentiate!

Constant multiple: $g'(x)=3f'(x)$.

Product rule: $g'(x) = \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{3\}f(x)+3f'(x)=0f(x)+3f'(x)=3f'(x)$.

Sum rule: $g'(x)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\{f(x)+f(x)+f(x)\}=f'(x)+f'(x)+f'(x)=3f'(x)$.

Quotient rule: $g'(x)=\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left\{\frac{f(x)}{\frac{1}{3}}\right\}= \frac{\frac{1}{3}f'(x)-f(x)(0)}{\frac{1}{9}}=\frac{\frac{1}{3}f'(x)}{\frac{1}{9}}=9\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)f'(x)=3f'(x)$.

All rules give $g'(x)=3f'(x)$.

We already know that $\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}x=1$ and $\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}x^2=2x$, so we can compute the derivative of $x^3$ by writing $x^3=(x)(x^2)$,

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} x^3 =\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} (x)(x^2) = (1)(x^2)+(x)(2x)=3x^2$$

When this is evaluated at $x=\frac{1}{2}$ we get $\frac{3}{4}$. Since we also compute $\left( \frac{1}{2}\right)^3=\frac{1}{8}$, the equation of the tangent line is

$$\begin{aligned} y - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{3}{4}\cdot \left(x-\frac{1}{2}\right). \end{aligned}$$

We can use the quotient rule here.

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left\{\frac{2x-1}{2x+1}\right\}&=\frac{(2x+1)(2)-(2x-1)(2)}{(2x+1)^2} =\frac{4}{(2x+1)^2}=\frac{1}{(x+1/2)^2} \end{aligned}$$

Population growth is rate of change of population. Population in year $2000+t$ is given by $P(t)=P_0+b(t)-d(t)$, where $P_0$ is the initial population of the town. Then $P'(t)$ is the expression we're looking for, and $P'(t)=b'(t)-d'(t)$.

It is interesting to note that the initial population does not obviously show up in this calculation. It would probably affect $b(t)$ and $d(t)$, but if we know these we do not need to know $P_0$ to answer our question.

We already know that $\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}x^2=2x$. So the slope of $y=3x^2$ at $x=a$ is $6a$. The tangent line to $y=3x^2$ at $x=a, y=3a^2$ is $y-3a^2=6a(x-a)$. This tangent line passes through $(2,9)$ if

$$\begin{aligned} 9-3a^2&=6a(2-a)\\ 3a^2-12a+9&=0\\ a^2-4a+3&=0\\ (a-3)(a-1)&=0\\ \implies~~a&=1,3 \end{aligned}$$

The points are $(1,3),\ (3,27)$.

This limit represents the derivative computed at $x=100180$ of the function $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$. Since the derivative of $f(x)$ is $\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}$, then its value at $x=100180$ is exactly $\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{100180}}$.

Let $w(t)$ and $l(t)$ be the width and length of the rectangle. Given in the problem is that $w'(t)=2$ and $l'(t)=5$. Since both functions have constant slopes, both must be lines. Their slopes are given, and their intercepts are $w(0)=l(0)=1$. So, $w(t)=2t+1$ and $l(t)=5t+1$.

The area of the rectangle is $A(t)=w(t)\cdot l(t)$, so using the product rule, the rate at which the area is increasing is $A'(t)=w'(t)l(t)+w(t)l'(t)=2(5t+1)+5(2t+1)=20t+7$ square metres per second.

Using the product rule, $f'(x)=(2x)g(x)+x^2g'(x)$, so $f'(0)=0\cdot g(x)+0\cdot g'(x)=0$. (Since $g$ is differentiable, $g'$ exists.)

$$\begin{aligned} \\ \text{First expression, $f(x)=\dfrac{g(x)}{h(x)}$:} \\ f'(x)&=\frac{h(x)g'(x)-g(x)h'(x)}{h^2(x)} \\ \text{Second expresson, $f(x)=\dfrac{g(x)}{k(x)}\cdot\dfrac{k(x)}{h(x)}$:} \\ f'(x)&=\left(\frac{k(x)g'(x)-g(x)k'(x)}{k^2(x)}\right)\left(\frac{k(x)}{h(x)}\right)+\left(\frac{g(x)}{k(x)}\right)\left(\frac{h(x)k'(x)-k(x)h'(x)}{h^2(x)}\right)\\ &=\frac{k(x)g'(x)-g(x)k'(x)}{k(x)h(x)}+ \frac{g(x)h(x)k'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)k(x)g'(x)-h(x)g(x)k'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}+ \frac{g(x)h(x)k'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)k(x)g'(x)-h(x)g(x)k'(x)+g(x)h(x)k'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)k(x)g'(x)-g(x)k(x)h'(x)}{k(x)h^2(x)}\\ &=\frac{h(x)g'(x)-g(x)h'(x)}{h^2(x)} \\ \text{and this is exactly what we got from differentiating the first expression.} \\ \end{aligned}$$

In the quotient rule, there is a minus, not a plus. Also, $2(x+1)+2x$ is not the same as $2(x+1)$.

The correct version is:

$$\begin{aligned} f(x)&=\frac{2x}{x+1}\\ f'(x)&=\frac{2(x+1) -2x}{(x+1)^2}\\ &=\frac{2}{(x+1)^2} \end{aligned}$$

$f(x)=\frac{2}{3}x^6+5x^4+12x^2+9$ is a polynomial:

$$\begin{aligned} f'(x)&=4x^5+20x^3+24x\\& =4x(x^4+5x^2+6)\\& = 4x((x^2)^2+5(x^2)+6)\\&=4x(x^2+2)(x^2+3) \end{aligned}$$